架构师提供的文本描述。2011年夏天，计算设计研究所(ICD)和建筑结构和结构设计研究所(ITKE)与斯图加特大学的学生一起，在教学和研究的交叉处实现了一个临时的仿生研究亭。本课题采用基于计算机的新型设计与仿真方法，结合计算机控制的制造方法，探索海胆板块骨架形态生物原理的建筑转换。一项特别的创新是有可能通过计算过程有效地将公认的仿生原理和相关性能扩展到一系列不同的几何学，这一点可以通过以下事实得到证明：展馆的复杂形态完全可以用极薄的胶合板(6.5毫米)建造。

Text description provided by the architects. In summer 2011 the Institute for Computational Design (ICD) and the Institute of Building Structures and Structural Design (ITKE), together with students at the University of Stuttgart have realized a temporary, bionic research pavilion made of wood at the intersection of teaching and research. The project explores the architectural transfer of biological principles of the sea urchin’s plate skeleton morphology by means of novel computer-based design and simulation methods, along with computer-controlled manufacturing methods for its building implementation. A particular innovation consists in the possibility of effectively extending the recognized bionic principles and related performance to a range of different geometries through computational processes, which is demonstrated by the fact that the complex morphology of the pavilion could be built exclusively with extremely thin sheets of plywood (6.5 mm).

 © Roland Halbe

罗兰·哈贝

BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM

该项目旨在将生物结构的表现能力纳入建筑设计，并全面测试由此产生的空间和结构材料系统。重点是开发一个模块化系统，该系统允许高度的适应性和性能，因为它的板组件和机器人制造的手指关节的几何分化。在对不同生物结构的分析中，海胆亚种沙元的板块骨架形态引起了人们的关注，并给出了实现的仿生结构的基本原理。砂元的骨骼壳是一个由多角形板块组成的模块化系统，在边缘通过指尖状方解石突起连接在一起。高承载能力是通过板及其连接系统的特殊几何布置来实现的。因此，砂元是一种最适合于由预制构件制成的贝壳的模型。同样，传统的手指关节通常用于木工作为连接元素，可以看作是技术上相当于砂元的方解石凸出。

The project aims at integrating the performative capacity of biological structures into architectural design and at testing the resulting spatial and structural material-systems in full scale. The focus was set on the development of a modular system which allows a high degree of adaptability and performance due to the geometric differentiation of its plate components and robotically fabricated finger joints. During the analysis of different biological structures, the plate skeleton morphology of the sand dollar, a sub-species of the sea urchin (Echinoidea), became of particular interest and subsequently provided the basic principles of the bionic structure that was realized. The skeletal shell of the sand dollar is a modular system of polygonal plates, which are linked together at the edges by finger-like calcite protrusions. High load bearing capacity is achieved by the particular geometric arrangement of the plates and their joining system. Therefore, the sand dollar serves as a most fitting model for shells made of prefabricated elements. Similarly, the traditional finger-joints typically used in carpentry as connection elements, can be seen as the technical equivalent of the sand dollar’s calcite protrusions.

 © ICD / ITKE University of Stuttgart

ICD/ITKE斯图加特大学

形态转移

MORPHOLOGY TRANSFER

通过对砂元的分析，将其板式结构的形态融入到凉亭的设计中。三个板边总是在一个点处相遇，这一原理使节点之间传递法向和剪切力，但没有弯矩，从而产生弯曲支座但仍可变形的结构。与传统的轻量级结构只适用于加载优化形状不同，这种新的设计原则可以应用于广泛的定制几何。这种方法的高度轻量级潜力是显而易见的，因为展馆可以建造的只有6.5毫米薄薄的胶合板，尽管它的相当大的大小。因此，它甚至需要锚定在地面，以抵御风吸荷载。

Following the analysis of the sand dollar, the morphology of its plate structure was integrated in the design of a pavilion. Three plate edges always meet together at just one point, a principle which enables the transmission of normal and shear forces but no bending moments between the joints, thus resulting in a bending bearing but yet deformable structure. Unlike traditional lightweight construction, which can only be applied to load optimized shapes, this new design principle can be applied to a wide range of custom geometry. The high lightweight potential of this approach is evident as the pavilion that could be built out of 6.5 mm thin sheets of plywood only, despite its considerable size. Therefore it even needed anchoring to the ground to resist wind suction loads.

 drawing 03

drawing 03

除了这些构造和组织原则外，生物结构的其他基本特性也被应用于该项目的计算设计过程中：

Besides these constructional and organizational principles, other fundamental properties of biological structures are applied in the computational design process of the project:

 © Roland Halbe

罗兰·哈贝

异质性：细胞大小不是常数，而是适应局部曲率和不连续性。在曲率较小的区域，中央细胞的高度超过2米，而边缘只有半米高。

- Heterogeneity: The cell sizes are not constant, but adapt to local curvature and discontinuities. In the areas of small curvature the central cells are more than two meters tall, while at the edge they only reach half a meter.

 © ICD / ITKE University of Stuttgart

ICD/ITKE斯图加特大学

-等级：展馆组织为两级结构。在第一层，胶合板的手指关节粘在一起形成一个细胞。在第二个层次上，一个简单的螺丝连接将单元连接在一起，使展馆的组装和拆卸成为可能。在每个层次层中，只有三个板块-分别是三个边-在一个点上完全相交，因此确保了这两个层次的可弯曲边缘。

- Hierarchy: The pavilion is organized as a two-level hierarchical structure. On the first level, the finger joints of the plywood sheets are glued together to form a cell. On the second hierarchical level, a simple screw connection joins the cells together, allowing the assembling and disassembling of the pavilion. Within each hierarchical level only three plates - respectively three edges – meet exclusively at one point, therefore assuring bendable edges for both levels.

 © ICD / ITKE University of Stuttgart

ICD/ITKE斯图加特大学

计算设计与机器人生产

COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN AND ROBOTIC PRODUCTION

 © ICD / ITKE University of Stuttgart

ICD/ITKE斯图加特大学

展馆复杂形态的设计、开发和实现，需要在工程模型、有限元仿真和计算机数控之间建立一个封闭的数字信息回路。找形与结构设计是紧密相连的。通过优化数据交换方案，可以将复杂几何图形反复读取到有限元程序中，对模型的临界点进行分析和修改。同时，对粘结连接和螺栓连接进行了实验测试，并将结果包括在结构计算中。

A requirement for the design, development and realization of the complex morphology of the pavilion is a closed, digital information loop between the project’s model, finite element simulations and computer numeric machine control. Form finding and structural design are closely interlinked. An optimized data exchange scheme made it possible to repeatedly read the complex geometry into a finite element program to analyze and modify the critical points of the model. In parallel, the glued and bolted joints were tested experimentally and the results included in the structural calculations.

 © ICD / ITKE University of Stuttgart

ICD/ITKE斯图加特大学

每个细胞的板和手指关节是用大学的机器人制造系统生产的。该计算模型采用自定义编程程序，为工业七轴机器人控制提供了自动生成机床代码(NC代码)的基础。这使得经济生产850多个几何不同的部件，以及100，000多个手指关节自由排列在空间。在机器人生产之后，胶合板被连接在一起形成细胞。预制模块的组装在斯图加特大学的城市校园进行。所有的设计、研究、制造和施工工作都是由学生和教师共同完成的。

The plates and finger joints of each cell were produced with the university's robotic fabrication system. Employing custom programmed routines the computational model provided the basis for the automatic generation of the machine code (NC-Code) for the control of an industrial seven-axis robot. This enabled the economical production of more than 850 geometrically different components, as well as more than 100,000 finger joints freely arranged in space. Following the robotic production, the plywood panels were joined together to form the cells. The assembly of the prefabricated modules was carried out at the city campus of the University of Stuttgart. All design, research, fabrication and construction work were carried out jointly by students and faculty researchers.

 drawing 01

drawing 01

该研究室提供了一个机会，利用自由曲面代表不同的几何特征，研究模块化仿生建筑的方法，同时开发出两个不同的空间实体：一个具有多孔内层和一个大开口的大室内空间，面向大学大楼之间的公共广场，另一个较小的间隙空间围绕在这两层之间，体现了双层壳体的构造逻辑。

The research pavilion offered the opportunity to investigate methods of modular bionic construction using freeform surfaces representing different geometric characteristics while developing two distinct spatial entities: one large interior space with a porous inner layer and a big opening, facing the public square between the University’s buildings, and a smaller interstitial space enveloped between the two layers that exhibits the constructive logic of the double layer shell.