© Bernardo Salce

.Bernardo Salce

架构师提供的文本描述。2012年，Firtiere Architetti senza Frontiere协会参与在金边以南50公里的Takeo省Roong村建造一所新中学。

Text description provided by the architects. In 2012 Architetti senza Frontiere was involved by the Association Missione Possibile onlus in building a new secondary school in the Roong village, in Takeo province, 50 km south of Phnom Penh, in a agricultural area characterized by a strong industrial transformation.

Missione可能的Onlus自2005年以来一直通过教育和保健项目在柬埔寨开展业务。在这个村子里，Missione公司建造了一所小学，要求今天开设一所新的中学，陪同学生完成学业。

Missione Possible onlus has been operating since 2005 in Cambodia through education and health projects. In the village Missione Possibile has built the primary school requiring today the opening of a new secondary school to accompany the students to complete the course of study.

 © Bernardo Salce

.Bernardo Salce

设计的建筑尺寸为62.80米x10.20米，并被放置在地块的一侧，以便释放目前专用于游戏的其余区域。卫生间的位置决定了学校未来的扩建面积，学校将举办教育讲习班，并将开放空间分成两个单独的庭院：一个用于主要游戏，另一个用于户外教学。

The building designed has dimensions of 62.80 m x 10.20 m, and is placed to one side of the lot in order to release the rest of the area currently dedicated to the game. The location of the bathrooms defines the future expansion area of the school that will host educational workshops and divide the open space into two separate courtyards: one for the main game and the smaller one for teaching outdoors.

该项目为评估校舍内的空间等级提供了一个机会。从类型学的角度来看，这座建筑呈现出一种经典的线性砌块结构，六间教室由走廊/门廊分布。

The project was an opportunity to assess the spatial hierarchies within the school building. From a typological point of view, the building presents a classical structure of linear block with six classrooms distributed by a hallway/porch.

 © Bernardo Salce

.Bernardo Salce

设计注意力集中在定义和分隔学校不同空间的元素上：教室、分布和后院。如果说课堂是教学的场所，那么走廊就代表着一个相遇的地方和一个社交的地方，在现代教育学中，这个地方正变得越来越重要。

Design attention has been focused on the elements that define and separate the different spaces of the school: classroom, distribution, and backyard. If the classroom is the place of teaching the corridor represents a place of encounter and of sociability that, in modern pedagogy, is gaining more importance.

因此，该项目通过空间的大小和特性，使这个空间超出了特定的分配功能。走廊/门廊宽3米以上，屋顶高5米。走廊增加了两个露天房间，打断了教室的顺序，丰富了连接空间的性质。在雨季或最热的月份，走廊已成为聚会和玩耍的地方。这也表现在象征和形态的角度：门廊和开口序列是主要表征整个学校外观的要素。

For this reason the project enhances this space beyond the specific distribution functions through the size and the character of the space. The hallway/porch measures more than 3 meters wide and five meters high at the hipped roof. Two open-air rooms are added to the corridor interrupting the sequence of classrooms and enriching the nature of the connective space. During the rainy season or during the hottest months the corridor has become the place to meet and play. This is also represented by the symbolic and morphological perspective: the porch and the sequences of openings are the elements that mainly characterize the appearance of the entire school.

 Floor Plan

该项目是重新思考教室和走廊之间可能的空间联系的一个机会。吉安卡洛·马扎提在卡塔赫纳德拉斯印第亚斯对学校的访问传递了新的机会。在这座非同寻常的建筑里，教室的墙壁是用水泥预制而成的，这种水泥具有很强的渗透性，改变了人们对教室周围环境的看法。

The project was an opportunity to rethink the kind of possible space connections between the classroom and hallway. The visit to the school by Giancarlo Mazzanti in Cartagena de las Indias has conveyed new opportunities. In this extraordinary building the classroom walls are made with a cement prefabricated strongly permeable mesh that changes the perception of the classroom rarefying its perimeter.

在同样的角度下，我们试图通过使用一系列固定的大竹板来减少教室和走廊之间的隔阂。这样，我们用隔膜取代了传统的砖石结构，有利于学生和外界之间不断的视觉关系，目的是将教育场所标准化为社会性场所，反之亦然。

In this same perspective, we tried to reduce the separation between the classroom and hallway by the use of a series of large bamboo panels fixed. In this way we have replaced the traditional masonry with a diaphragm that favours the constant visual relationship between students and the outside with the aim of standardising educational sites to those of sociality and vice versa.

每个面板的长度为每1.7米3.6米，竹秆的变化率比坐姿对眼睛的强度更大。该装置还允许空间的完美交叉通风。

Each panel measures 3.6 meters per 1.7 and presents a variable rate in the culms of bamboo with greater intensity to the eyes than the sitting position. This device also allows a perfect cross-ventilation of the spaces.

 © Bernardo Salce

.Bernardo Salce

同时，门廊和庭院之间的分离也一直是争论的话题。墙的一系列可变尺寸，但结构步长不变，等于2.3米，定义了室内和室外之间的边界。

Also the separation between the porch and the courtyard has been subject of debate. A sequence of variable size of wall, but with constant structural steps equal to 2.3 m, defines the boundary between indoors and outdoors.

目的是建造一个可变的隔膜墙，以改变视觉感知，使更多的渗透在公共空间的区域，而不是在教室。

The aim is to build a variable diaphragm walls that modifies the visual perception allowing more permeability in the areas facing the common spaces and less in the classrooms.

一方面，如果教室和门廊之间的隔膜是非物质化的，另一方面，一个可变强度的元素被定义为奇怪地悬挂在室内和室外之间，它导致门廊向外开放和走廊向教室关闭。

On one hand if the diaphragm between the classroom and the porch is dematerialised, on the other an element of variable intensity has been defined oddly suspended between indoor and outdoor and it leads both to the porch open towards outside and to the hallway closed towards the classrooms.

 © Bernardo Salce

.Bernardo Salce

材料与建筑

Materials and Construction

在柬埔寨，就像在几乎所有发展中国家一样，由于识别复仇、自我否定贫困和新形式的文化殖民主义的奇怪逻辑，建筑传统被琐碎的重申西方建筑规范所取代，这些法规传达了财富和繁荣的虚幻梦想。因此，随着时间的推移，瓦楞纸、铝、铁和水泥取代了最古老的材料。

For the strange logic of identifying revenge, self-denial of poverty and the new forms of cultural colonialism, in Cambodia as in almost all developing countries the construction traditions were replaced by trivialised reiteration of Western building codes that convey the illusory dreams of wealth and prosperity. So over the time corrugated sheets, aluminium, iron and cement replaced the oldest materials.

在我们的项目中，我们希望试验使用土壤和竹子等当地材料，并将它们用于当代形式和工业化的建设性程序，而不是传统的工艺形式，以促进可复制和经济的生产过程更大程度的合理化。

In our project we wanted to experiment the use of local materials such as soil and bamboo and using them on contemporary forms and industrialized constructive procedures rather than traditional craft forms in order to promote greater rationalisation of the production process that is replicable and economic.

 © Bernardo Salce

.Bernardo Salce

我们有难得的机会(与当地工人和协会合作，如“建设国际信托”和“人类生境”)设计建筑的所有四个步骤：材料、元素、组件和建筑系统。

We had the rare opportunity to design (in collaboration with the local workers and associations like Building Trust International and Habitat for Humanity) all four steps of construction: material, element, component and construction system.

首先，我们试图找出正确的材料，找出最合适的土壤和寻找最近的竹林。从这些材料开始，我们设计了土壤块、晒干和竹子横梁，使它们“工业化”，易于被不熟练的劳动力复制。

First of all we tried to find out the correct material, identify the most appropriate soil and look for the nearest bamboo plantation. Starting from these materials we have designed the soil block sun-dried and bamboo beams so that they were “industrialized” and easily replicable by unskilled workforce.

 © Bernardo Salce

.Bernardo Salce

我们设计了建筑构件(如墙和梁)中单个构件的聚合，最后研究了将构件组装成一个由墙和梁组成的单一结构体系的细节。

We designed the aggregation of individual items in constructive components such as walls and beams, and in the end we studied the details to assemble the components into a single construction system of walls and beams.

仔细检查GlennMurcutt的建筑，我们想到了一座不断挤压的建筑，里面通过非构造元素形成了不同的过程。

Carefully examining Glenn Murcutt’s buildings, we thought of a building that was a constant section extrusion inside which developing different processes through non-tectonic elements.

这促进了结构要素的标准化及其大规模生产。

This has facilitated the standardization of structural elements and their mass production.

在地基中，铁丝网被用竹条制成的网所取代，竹条钉在一块聚氨酯分离板上。

In the foundations the iron mesh was replaced with a mesh made by bamboo strips nailed that was laid on a polyurethane separation sheet with the land.

 © Bernardo Salce

.Bernardo Salce

土块(30×15，10厘米高)(在人类生境的支持下)用铁模板制作，一次可以达到16块，以简化和加速生产。

Soil blocks (30 x 15 with 10 cm height) were made (with the support of Habitat for Humanity) with an iron formwork that allows to achieve 16 blocks at a time in order to simplify and speed up the production.

这些砌块是用水泥砂浆铺设的，其垂直加劲系统由圆形铁丝砌块组成，内部有一个8毫米的铁棒，连接基座与顶部梁的连接，就好像它是铸模中的支柱一样丢失(木制模板是需要专门工作人员的建筑构件)。

The blocks were laid with cement mortar and have a vertical stiffening system made with round section wire blocks within which runs an iron bar 8 mm connected to the foundations which links the base with the top beam as if it was a pillar post cast in moulds to lose (the wooden formwork are construction elements that require specialized workforce).

 © Bernardo Salce

.Bernardo Salce

我们在竹子上使用了一个承重结构，上面覆盖着纤维水泥板作为屋顶.28根竹横梁的尺寸为11米，分别位于三个不同长度的看台上，教室为6.60米，门廊为3.3米。

We used a load-bearing structure in bamboo covered by fibro-cement panels for the roof. 28 bamboo beams have the same size of 11 meters that lay on three stands of different lengths, 6.60 meters for the classrooms and 3.3 meters for the porch.

凸耳扳手的大小可以忽略不计。为了测试其承载性能要求，我们设计了一种由三根竹秆组成的由螺纹杆连接的梁。竹子梁是通过铁支架系统连接到顶部的。由棕榈叶制成的假天花板，软化了内部图像，并创建了一个微型空气绝缘室。

The size of the lugs wrench is negligible. To test the load performance requirements we designed a beam composed of three bamboo culms connected by threaded rods. The bamboo beams are connected to the top ones through a system of iron brackets. The false ceiling made by palm leaf, softens the internal image and creates a micro air insulated chamber.

 © Bernardo Salce

.Bernardo Salce

最后，我们用两种不同的方法制作膏体：外面用粘土石膏加水泥和彩色颜料，以增加浇灌雨水的润湿效果，而内部则用石灰石膏。

In the end the plasters were made using two distinct ways: outside we used a clay plaster added with cement and colour pigments to increase wetting effect tightness of pouring rain, while inside we used a lime plaster.

从热舒适性的角度出发，制定了一些简单的规划策略：第一，建筑物有一个大斜度屋顶，向北倾斜，以降低入射角对太阳辐射的影响。

From the thermal comfort point of view some simple planning strategies were set: first, the building has one large pitched roof North oriented to decrease the angle of incidence of the sun radiant effect.

 © Bernardo Salce

.Bernardo Salce

通风被仔细考虑：内斜屋顶高度超过5米有利于热空气逸出，而用竹板等透水元件代替垂直隔膜有利于水平通风。

The ventilation was carefully taken into account: inner hipped roof height of over five meters favours hot air escape, while the replacement of vertical diaphragms with permeable elements such as bamboo panels facilitate horizontal ventilation.

门廊墙保护内部免受阳光照射，并产生一种小气候，过滤室内和室外之间的过渡。12 mm纤维水泥的屋面覆盖物并不是热带地区最合适的材料，但与金属相比具有更好的应用效果。

The porch walls protect the inside from the sun and produce a microclimate that filters the transition between indoors and outdoors. The roof coverings in fibro cement of 12 mm can not be considered the most suitable material to tropical areas but, compared to metal shows better efficiency.

 © Bernardo Salce

.Bernardo Salce

非常新鲜的教室，即使是在热浪期间，也是很好的结果，尽管在雨季教室风太大，有时也会出现风吹降雨带来的轻微问题。

Very fresh classrooms even during the period of heat wave is the excellent outcome even though classrooms are too breezy during the rainy season, and light problems with the wind blown rainfall sometimes occurred.

这所学校的费用约为64，000欧元(包括厕所和水井)，面积为740平方米。

 The school cost approximately € 64,000 .00 (including toilet and well) and has a size of 740 sq.m.

我们可以相信，从数量上讲，75%以上的材料来自领土，而从质的角度看，主要的构造要素(结构、墙壁和屋顶)是用当地材料建造的，而混凝土和铁只用于地基。

Trying to approximate a percentage we can believe that quantitatively over 75% of materials comes from the territory, while from the qualitative point of view the main tectonic elements (structure, walls and roof) were built using local materials, while concrete and iron were only used to foundations.

该项目的合作伙伴和受益人Missione可能Onlus协会接受了尝试一种新形式的学校的挑战，因为它认为这可能是一种不同的教学方式。现在，这取决于他们填补有意义的教室，并为柬埔寨青少年提供一个新的地方发展机会。

The association Missione Possibile onlus, our partner and beneficiary of the project, has accepted the challenge to experiment with a new form of school because it believes it might be a different way of teaching. And now, it’s up to them filling classrooms of meaning and providing Cambodian teens with a new local development opportunity.

 © Bernardo Salce

.Bernardo Salce

Architects Architetti senza frontiere Italia

Location M'pai village pier, Cambodia

Category Schools

Design Team Camillo Magni, Elisabetta Fusarpoli, Paolo Garretti, Filippo Mascaretti, Marta Minetti, Sabrina Suma, Marco Tommaseo

Coordinator Camillo Magni

Area 740.0 sqm

Project Year 2014

Photographs Bernardo Salce