洛斯曼南提莱斯是在坎德拉精通薄壳混凝土结构的同时创造的，最初是为另一位客户设想的，当时位于另一个地点，在墨西哥城Xochimilco地区，这座建筑取代了一家木制餐厅，旁边是一座满是运河的漂浮花园。

Los Manantiales was created as Candela’s mastery thin-shell concrete construction was solidifying.  Initially conceived for another client on a different site, the structure found realization as a replacement for a wooden restaurant alongside a floating gardens filled canal in the Xochimilco area of Mexico City.

Los Manantiales was created as Candela’s mastery thin-shell concrete construction was solidifying.  Initially conceived for another client on a different site, the structure found realization as a replacement for a wooden restaurant alongside a floating gardens filled canal in the Xochimilco area of Mexico City.

 via www.rkett.com

网址：www.rkett.com

坎德拉对薄壳结构的迷恋是在他在马德里阿奎图拉大学学习时激发的。他是一名杰出的运动员，也是一名和蔼可亲的学生，他以独立阅读的形式分析技术补充了他的正式训练。

Candela’s fascination with thin-shell structures was piqued during his studies at La Escuela  de Arquitectura de Madrid.  An extraordinary athlete and facile student, he supplemented his formal training with a independent reading on techniques for analysis of form. 

Candela’s fascination with thin-shell structures was piqued during his studies at La Escuela  de Arquitectura de Madrid.  An extraordinary athlete and facile student, he supplemented his formal training with a independent reading on techniques for analysis of form. 

西班牙内战爆发后，他的学术生涯中断了，但他为军事目的修复建筑的经历让他直接接触到建筑技术。坎德拉后来的实践将理论研究与对建筑过程的仔细考虑结合在一起。

His academic career was interrupted when the Spanish Civil War erupted, but his experiences restoring buildings for military use gave him first hand exposure to construction techniques.  Candela’s later practice merged theoretical studies with careful consideration of building processes. 

His academic career was interrupted when the Spanish Civil War erupted, but his experiences restoring buildings for military use gave him first hand exposure to construction techniques.  Candela’s later practice merged theoretical studies with careful consideration of building processes. 

 via skyscrapercity

通过天敌城

在战争期间，坎德拉被监禁，但由于有机会移民到墨西哥作为流亡者。在那里，混凝土是一种越来越受欢迎的建筑材料，它代表了现代化、效率和过去对刚刚经历了自己政治动荡的人们的突破。

During the war Candela was imprisoned, but given the opportunity to emigrate to Mexico as an exile.  There, concrete was an increasingly popular building material that represented modernization, efficiency, and a break from the past for a people who had just gotten through their own political upheaval.

During the war Candela was imprisoned, but given the opportunity to emigrate to Mexico as an exile.  There, concrete was an increasingly popular building material that represented modernization, efficiency, and a break from the past for a people who had just gotten through their own political upheaval.

坎德拉开始建造薄壳结构，不是为客户，而是作为全面的实验。虽然他构造了一些圆柱形，但坎德拉对双曲线抛物面，或者说双曲线作了大量的工作。坎德拉避开了依赖复杂数学的趋势，发展了一种用简单方程式来确定压力的形式。Candela的一种名为“伞”的形式，由四个直边玻璃连接而成，是一种覆盖市场和仓库等大空间的有效方法。他建造的宇宙射线实验室利用玻璃来增加硬度和最小化材料厚度，并得到了国际上的好评。

Candela began building thin shell structures not for clients but as full scale experiments. Although he constructed some cylindrical forms, Candela working intensely with hyperbolic paraboloids, or hypars. Eschewing the trend toward reliance on complex mathematics, Candela developed forms where stresses could be determined with simple equations. A form Candela called “umbrellas,” created by joining four straight edge hypars, were an efficient way to cover large spaces such as markets and warehouses. His construction of the Cosmic Rays Laboratory utilized hypars to add stiffness and minimize material thickness, and received international acclaim.

Candela began building thin shell structures not for clients but as full scale experiments. Although he constructed some cylindrical forms, Candela working intensely with hyperbolic paraboloids, or hypars. Eschewing the trend toward reliance on complex mathematics, Candela developed forms where stresses could be determined with simple equations. A form Candela called “umbrellas,” created by joining four straight edge hypars, were an efficient way to cover large spaces such as markets and warehouses. His construction of the Cosmic Rays Laboratory utilized hypars to add stiffness and minimize material thickness, and received international acclaim.

洛斯曼南提亚莱斯的标志性形式是通过不断的几何研究得到的。城市居民称之为“花”，一个连续的室内空间被一个奇异的雕塑表面所包围。光线从每个拱顶的玻璃孔中溢出，突出屋顶的形状。

The iconic form of Los Manantiales was derived through continued geometric investigation. Called “La Flor” (The Flower) by townspeople, a continuous interior space is enclosed by an singular sculptural surface. Light spills through the glass apertures that infill each vault, highlighting the roof form. 

The iconic form of Los Manantiales was derived through continued geometric investigation. Called “La Flor” (The Flower) by townspeople, a continuous interior space is enclosed by an singular sculptural surface. Light spills through the glass apertures that infill each vault, highlighting the roof form. 

 via www.rkett.com

网址：www.rkett.com

屋顶是一个圆形阵列，由四个弯曲的下垂鞍座组成，在中心点相交，形成一个八边的腹股沟拱顶。该计划是径向对称的，最大直径为139英尺。腹股沟跨越106英尺之间的支撑。在周长处修剪，形成一个倾斜的抛物线状的悬垂，壳在每次起伏时同时向上和向外上升。这些悬垂的力路径与沿拱形腹股沟的力方向相反，从而减少了向外的推力。

The roof is a circular array of four curved-edge hypar saddles that intersect at the center point, resulting in an eight-sided groined vault. The plan is radially symmetric with a maximum diameter of 139 feet. Groins spanning 106 feet between supports.  Trimmed at the perimeter to form a canted parabolic overhang, the shell simultaneously rises up and out at each undulation.  The force paths from these overhangs act in the opposite direction from forces along the arched groin, reducing outward thrust.

The roof is a circular array of four curved-edge hypar saddles that intersect at the center point, resulting in an eight-sided groined vault. The plan is radially symmetric with a maximum diameter of 139 feet. Groins spanning 106 feet between supports.  Trimmed at the perimeter to form a canted parabolic overhang, the shell simultaneously rises up and out at each undulation.  The force paths from these overhangs act in the opposite direction from forces along the arched groin, reducing outward thrust.

 Diagram of hypar forms

次形图

最大的膜力是沿着两种形态之间的交点进行的，称为腹股沟。这一区域是通过创建隐藏钢骨加固的“V”梁而加厚的。其余的结构有最小的加强，以解决蠕变和温度影响，但基本上完全在压缩工作。对称的平面和创新的使用“V”梁允许边不加劲梁，揭示了4cm(1.5“)壳的根部厚度。

The largest membrane forces are carried along the intersections between the forms, called the groins.  This areas are thickened by creating hidden steel reinforced “V” beams. The rest of the structure has minimal reinforcing to address creep and temperature effects, but essentially works entirely in compression.  The symmetrical plan and innovative use of “V” beams allows edges free of stiffening beams, revealing the radical thickness of the 4cm (1 ½”) shell. 

The largest membrane forces are carried along the intersections between the forms, called the groins.  This areas are thickened by creating hidden steel reinforced “V” beams. The rest of the structure has minimal reinforcing to address creep and temperature effects, but essentially works entirely in compression.  The symmetrical plan and innovative use of “V” beams allows edges free of stiffening beams, revealing the radical thickness of the 4cm (1 ½”) shell. 

 via www.rkett.com

网址：www.rkett.com

一个通过洛斯Manantiales的剖面显示沿腹股沟的抛物线拱和通过每个拱顶的最高点的倒拱。

A section through Los Manantiales shows the parabolic arch along the groins and the inverted arch through the highpoint of each vault.

A section through Los Manantiales shows the parabolic arch along the groins and the inverted arch through the highpoint of each vault.

 Section and elevation

剖面与高程

用窄板作为模板，跟随形成下表面的直线发生器。钢筋和一层水泥浆(以创造光滑的内表面)作为混凝土的底座，由工人一次用一个桶。

Narrow boards were used as formwork, following the straight-line generator that forms the hypar surface.  Steel reinforcing and a layer of cement grout (to create a smooth inner surface) underlie concrete applied one bucket at a time by laborers.

Narrow boards were used as formwork, following the straight-line generator that forms the hypar surface.  Steel reinforcing and a layer of cement grout (to create a smooth inner surface) underlie concrete applied one bucket at a time by laborers.

 via skyscrapercity

通过天敌城

坎德拉将伞形倒置到基础上，这是一种节省材料的策略，将结构的重量分配到墨西哥城质量较差的土壤上。五根1英寸直径的钢制系杆连接相邻的基座，抵抗侧向推力。坎德拉在支撑处软化了这种形状，创造了一条曲线，并给出了连续形状的外观。

Candela inverted his umbrella form for the footings, a material saving strategy to distribute the weight of the  structure onto the poor quality soil of Mexico City.  Five 1” diameter steel tie-bars link adjacent footings and resist lateral thrust.  Candela softened the form at the intersection of the hypars, creating a curve and giving the appearance of a continuous form.

Candela inverted his umbrella form for the footings, a material saving strategy to distribute the weight of the  structure onto the poor quality soil of Mexico City.  Five 1” diameter steel tie-bars link adjacent footings and resist lateral thrust.  Candela softened the form at the intersection of the hypars, creating a curve and giving the appearance of a continuous form.

洛斯马南提亚莱斯现在仍然是一家餐厅，但是建筑时的风景如画的环境已经改变了。额外的结构和栅栏阻挡了对结构的看法。零敲碎打的修改，例如红色防水层的应用和支撑处的修改，削弱了最初存在的形式的清晰性。尽管如此，外壳在结构上仍然完好无损，在Xochimilco有着雄伟的存在。

Los Manantiales is still operated as a restaurant today, but the picturesque setting present at the time of construction has changed.  Additional structures and a fence block views of the structure.  Piecemeal modifications, such as the application of a red waterproofing layer and modifications at the supports blunt the clarity of form initially present.  Despite this, the shell is still structurally intact and a majestic presence in Xochimilco.

Los Manantiales is still operated as a restaurant today, but the picturesque setting present at the time of construction has changed.  Additional structures and a fence block views of the structure.  Piecemeal modifications, such as the application of a red waterproofing layer and modifications at the supports blunt the clarity of form initially present.  Despite this, the shell is still structurally intact and a majestic presence in Xochimilco.

 © Flickr user VivaXochimilco

c Flickr用户VivaXochimilco

虽然不是坎德拉的第一个腹股沟拱顶结构，但它是第一个受到国际关注的。后来在西班牙坎德拉的一部作品中重新出现了洛斯曼南提莱斯的形式，并在波茨坦和斯图加特等地被其他设计师模仿过几次。坎德拉的作品继续激励当代设计师，如圣地亚哥卡拉特拉瓦。

Although not Candela’s first groin vault structure, it was the first to receive international attention. The form of Los Manantiales reappears in a later work by Candela in Spain, and has been emulated several times by other designers in locales such as Potsdam and Stuttgart. Candela’s work continues to inspire contemporary designers such as Santiago Calatrava.

Although not Candela’s first groin vault structure, it was the first to receive international attention. The form of Los Manantiales reappears in a later work by Candela in Spain, and has been emulated several times by other designers in locales such as Potsdam and Stuttgart. Candela’s work continues to inspire contemporary designers such as Santiago Calatrava.

 Candela proposed a similar form for a restaurant at an aquarium in Valencia, Spain. Image © Flickr user duncan c

坎德拉对西班牙巴伦西亚一家水族馆的餐厅提出了类似的建议。图片c Flickr用户Duncan c

有关更多信息，请访问为Princeton2008年在Candela创建的网站。

For more information, visit the site created for Princeton’s 2008 exhibit on Candela here.

For more information, visit the site created for Princeton’s 2008 exhibit on Candela here.

布格尔，诺亚和比林顿，大卫P。费利克斯·坎德拉，优雅与忍耐：Xochmilco壳牌的检验。国际壳牌和空间结构协会杂志：IASS。第27卷(2006)第3号，12月n。152，第271-278页。

Burger, Noah and Billington, David P. “Felix Candela, Elegance and Endurance: an examination of the Xochmilco Shell.” Journal of the International Association for  Shell and Spatial Structures: IASS. Volume 27 (2006) No. 3, December n. 152,  pgs 271-278.

Burger, Noah and Billington, David P. “Felix Candela, Elegance and Endurance: an examination of the Xochmilco Shell.” Journal of the International Association for  Shell and Spatial Structures: IASS. Volume 27 (2006) No. 3, December n. 152,  pgs 271-278.

格思里，吉尔，编辑。费利克斯·坎德拉：工程师，建筑，结构艺术家。普林斯顿，新泽西州：普林斯顿大学艺术博物馆，2008年。

Guthrie, Jill, editor. Felix Candela: Engineer, Building, Structural Artist. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Art Museum, 2008.

Guthrie, Jill, editor. Felix Candela: Engineer, Building, Structural Artist. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Art Museum, 2008.

“墨西哥最近的工作"费利克斯·坎德拉。”级体系结构40(1959)：132-141。

“Recent work of Mexico’s Felix Candela.” Progressive Architecture 40 (1959): 132-141.

“Recent work of Mexico’s Felix Candela.” Progressive Architecture 40 (1959): 132-141.

建筑师Felix Candela Location Canal校长，San Jeróimo，Xochimilco，16420墨西哥城，联邦区，墨西哥建筑师，负责Felix Candela设计团队的科林·费伯项目年1958年Flickr用户EmhandHernandez，Erik Eugenio Martínez Parachini，Flickr user wework4her，Flickr user Dunc，Flickr用户VivaXochimilco类别餐厅

Architects Felix Candela Location Canal Principal, San Jerónimo, Xochimilco, 16420 Mexico City, Federal District, Mexico Architect in Charge Felix Candela Design Team Colin Faber Project Year 1958 Photographs Flickr user Emmanual Hernandez, Erik Eugenio Martínez Parachini, Flickr user wework4her, Flickr user duncan c, Flickr user VivaXochimilco Category Restaurant

Architects Felix Candela Location Canal Principal, San Jerónimo, Xochimilco, 16420 Mexico City, Federal District, Mexico Architect in Charge Felix Candela Design Team Colin Faber Project Year 1958 Photographs Flickr user Emmanual Hernandez, Erik Eugenio Martínez Parachini, Flickr user wework4her, Flickr user duncan c, Flickr user VivaXochimilco Category Restaurant