业余建筑工作室丨杭州国家版本馆 首
2023-11-09 17:37
王澍,中国著名建筑师,他是2012年普利兹克建筑奖的得主,因其在建筑领域的卓越贡献而广受认可。王澍与陆文宇领导的业余建筑工作室以其独特的设计方法和对传统建筑技艺的尊重而著名,是中国建筑界的杰出代表之一。王澍的设计哲学强调了建筑与文化、环境和传统之间的有机融合。他的作品通常将传统建筑元素与现代理念相结合,以创造出富有个性和深刻内涵的建筑作品。他的项目涵盖了文化建筑、博物馆、图书馆和住宅等多个领域,这些项目常常融入了当地的环境和文化元素。业余建筑工作室以其不拘一格的设计风格而著名,常常采用回收
材料和传统建筑技艺,以减少对自然资源的影响。这种可持续性的设计方法与王澍对中国传统文化的深刻理解相结合,为他的作品赋予了独特的特征
王澍参照传统藏书楼空间格局,形成南边疏宕、北边密集的空间体验。
“南园北馆”曲折变化的布局是整个杭州国家版本馆的骨骼。
总建筑面积10万方的“宋代园林”,脱胎于无数张宋画形成的气和韵,被建筑师巧妙转化。主体建筑来源于马远的《华灯侍宴图》,宋画经典“三远法”在园子里随处可见,还能在现场看到实景版《谿山行旅图》。
The Song Dynasty Garden, with a total building area of 100,000 square meters, is derived from the atmosphere and charm formed by numerous Song Dynasty paintings. It has been ingeniously transformed by architects. The main building is inspired by Ma Yuans and the classic Three Distances Method of Song Dynasty painting can be seen throughout the garden. You can also witness a live version of on-site.
面对残破露出山脊的枯瘦崖壁,隐匿其中的大山之相神似范宽《溪山行旅图》中的主峰。摄影 ©林半野
经过建筑的巧妙呈现和强化,这两者现在回顾起来似乎已经成为这个项目的主要结构元素。
在中国艺术和哲学中,鲜有比“山水”更具生产力的联结。
它们形成了一种强烈的垂直与同样坚实的水平的对比,第一者寓意着美德,第二者则可能带来愉悦。
相反,它们是如同兄弟般,对立但又拥有共通属性的存在,而不会抛弃各自的特质。
土壤与石头中蕴含了一定的水分,水体中也存在一定的实体感。
The site is a propitious coupling of a mountain with bodies of water. Having been articulated and intensified by the buildings, the two now, retrospectively, appear to have provided the project with its primary structure. There is hardly a more productive association in Chinese art and thought, shan shui: a strong vertical against an equally resilient horizontal, with virtue evident in the first, likely pleasure in the second. But mountain and water are not exactly opposites; instead, they are sibling contraries that possess shared attributes without renouncing their individual qualities. Some quantity of moisture exists in soil and stone, some measure of tangibility in water. Viewed more closely, or, better, over time, mountains and waters share something that is more profound than what distinguishes them: an irrepressible capacity for change.
杭州国家版本馆又称文润阁,这里山、水、草木、鸟鸣都是建筑“润”的注脚。摄影 ©Dinz坚
走入杭州国家版本馆,就像走进了宋代的山水画。摄影 ©Dinz坚
风从山巅吹过,原本生长在山上的松树,如万马齐鸣,恰似一幅《万壑松风图》。摄影© Dinz坚
这个场地巧妙地结合了山脉和水体的元素,成为国家版本馆的多座建筑物之间的联系纽带。
这些山水交汇的地方常常在宋代山水画中被上升的薄雾或低云层所模糊,正是建筑师们深入研究的画作元素之一。
在这里,通往档案馆的路径被一种独特的设计所包围,这种设计既有一半是半镶嵌于山脉之中,又有一半是半开放的,提供了一个平台、屋顶和墙壁,紧密贴合山脉,同时还有一系列的柱廊,开放通往草坪或水域。
通过墙壁上的裂缝,有时可以看到岩石表面的肌理,而柱廊的规则间隔则勾勒出水域的广阔。
在这条线路上,光影交织,鼓励内心的聚焦和外部的展望,相互之间既相互支持又相互对立。
Movement along the lines where hills meet pools binds together the several buildings that make up the National Archives. Lines such as these are often blurred by rising mists or low clouds in the Song dynasty landscape paintings these architects study so closely. Here, paths are enclosed by a hybrid form, half-encaved and half-panoramic, with a platform, roof and wall adhering to the hill and a colonnaded frame opening onto lawns or water. Close proximity to the rock face is sometimes revealed through cuts in its enclosing wall, while the colonnade’s regular intervals measure the water’s expanse. Shadows and sunshine come together along this line, encouraging inward focus and outward orientation, against and in support of one another.
水阁,多种材料相互穿透。全部在现场按1:1试样反复做,直到达到王澍的要求。摄影© Dinz坚
马远的《华灯侍宴图》画中的建筑,晚上门扇全部打开,演变成了版本馆设计中的青瓷屏扇。摄影© Dinz坚
用柱子支撑起来的漂浮在空中的结构,强化了空间的深度,让人产生有一种探索的感觉。摄影© Dinz坚
杭州版本馆有着诸多第一,其中第一次将国宝龙泉青瓷大规模用在了建筑上形成的青瓷屏扇。摄影© Dinz坚
中国传统的木构也被用在屋顶,王澍自主研发的钢木混合结构——小料大作,形成大尺度的结构体系。摄影© Dinz坚
水阁无边框的玻璃安装是整个馆中技术难度最大的挑战之一。摄影© Dinz坚
龙泉青瓷板按照预设的色彩系统编排,对应安装系统中铜的颜色。摄影 ©林半野
当人们在这些建筑周围逗留的时间越长,就越觉得对“自然”的传统理解不足以描述这些建筑。
这些建筑不仅仅是与自然地形相契合,更是揭示了构成这片风景独特丰富和活力的张力和亲和力:潮湿
有些形态或许叫人想起传统,但它们的创造性演绎值得深思。
举例来说,在回应古典园林路径的设计中,采用了双层柱廊,一排柱子在栏杆内侧,另一排在外侧。
内部的柱间距为通行提供了步调和尺寸,而外部柱廊的更大间距则与山坡和整个建筑体量相协调。
靠近墙壁的窗户扩大了本已宽广的视野,而路径的锯齿形平面则交替引导人的脚步前进,将目光引向四面八方。
传统上,油漆和抛光可以掩盖建筑技术,但这些建筑敞开展示了其独特之处。
The more one spends time in and around these buildings, the more common conceptions of “nature” seem inadequate. These buildings don’t so much fit into natural terrain as reveal the tensions and affinities that give the landscape its unexpected richness and dynamism: wet stone, hard water, diagonal views from straight paths, and so on. Some forms recall precedents, but it is the creative interpretations that invite consideration. In the walks that recall the paths of classical gardens, for example, a double colonnade has been used, one line of columns inside the guardrail, another outside it. Why the atypical doubling? Scaling, I think. Inside, intervals give pace and measure to passage, while the lengthier intervals of the outer line are scaled to the hillside and the whole body of the building. The wall-side windows widen an already wide prospect, and the path’s zigzag plan alternately guides one’s feet forward and eyes in every other direction. Lastly, construction labour has left traces on the surfaces we see. Traditionally, paint and polish concealed building technique.
这里的门与苏州园林的太湖石尺度相似,透过这个门可以看到后面的山石。摄影© Dinz坚
延续千年的龙泉青瓷在建筑史上首次如此大量使用于建筑上,如一片片龙鳞。摄影© Dinz坚
会呼吸的夯土墙像泛黄的宣纸,夯出10多米高的墙体,是国内夯土技术领域上的一个探索极致。摄影© Dinz坚
玻璃、木、混凝土,这是王澍作为建筑师的一种具体表达与叙事。摄影© Dinz坚
As one moves through this project’s several buildings, alternations of elements, materials and surfaces present themselves continually. A line of tall louvre-like panels clad in bright green tiles parallels one’s path towards a sombre grey wall. Antithetical characteristics also appear in the juxtaposition of the compressive and tensile supports of a suspended walkway. In these two cases and many others, a sense of vitality results from antithetical elements acting in response to one another. Repetition would render arrangements lifeless. If we accept the thesis put forward by the building – alternation everywhere and without end – we reach the startling conclusion that good architecture has no overall form. Discrete forms yes, but no form of the work as a whole.
高高的清水混凝土墙上超过头顶画框一样的窗将山体崖壁截取进来,像一幅天然的山水画。摄影© Dinz坚
“绕山廊”沿着山体的走向自然而然地构建,现场崎岖不平的地表测绘数据是走廊高低起伏的直接依据。摄影© Dinz坚
“绕山廊”如宋徽宗瘦金体的横、折、撇、捺,书房、阁楼是顿笔,自然而然中是对力量的控制,也是克制。摄影© Dinz坚
混凝土竹模肌理如印在墙面上的一片黑白竹林水墨画,写意、悠远。摄影© Dinz坚
王澍把混凝土的柱子做到规范最细的尺度,35公分,单排多柱的布局形成一种有趣的曲折变化形态。摄影© Dinz坚
斜柱让山,整体设计是基于山体起笔的。在建造过程中,也为留下山和树,数次现场改设计。摄影© Dinz坚
在传统的中国山水画中,强调了天地之间的和谐与统一,而岩石和植被则似乎抵挡住了地心引力的作用。这种不同水平的错位在该项目的行道中也发生了,这些行道可以在不同的高度找到,仿佛可以相互替代,将空间、时间和材料有机地结合在一起,创造了一个复杂而和谐的建筑环境。当我们审视这些通道的设计时,会发现它们的平面布局相互重叠,即不同通道的路径、起点和终点都会相互交叉叠加。
In traditional Chinese landscape paintings, atmospheric vapour often brings the sky down to earth, while rock and vegetation defy gravity’s pull. Displacement of levels also occurs in this project’s walkways, found variously at grade, bridge height or roof level, apparently interchangeable because of geometrical alignments and the use of a single material for different purposes. Complementarity between opposites can also be seen when the plans of passages are considered together, with vantage, arrival or departure points superimposed.
在王澍看来,迷路是中国园林的另一重特色,甚至隐含了人生基底。摄影© Dinz坚
这座建筑摆脱了一种主导性的概念,不受传统规则的限制,它主张通过对立元素的相互作用来实现连续性。这是一种体现在建筑中的现象,就像一个身体在向一方延伸同时又转向另一方。以山脉上的瀑布为例,我们可以得出这样的结论:那些没有最终目的或明确形式的元素有一个基本愿望,那就是形成不断变化的对比,这些对比充满了生气,像建筑作品与自然界的和谐步调一样。
Having freed itself from a dominant concept or royal principle, this building argues that continuity can be achieved through the interplay of contraries, a body reaching one way while turning its head another.With cataracts down a mountain face in mind, let’s conclude that elements with neither final purpose nor definitive form have one basic desire: to form successive contrasts that are not only animated and animating, like the natural world with which the architectural work joins step.
Amateur Architecture Studio
由王澍和陆文宇夫妇创立的业余建筑工作室的工作围绕着一种植根于中国传统建筑技术、材料和工艺的乡土建筑的发展;长期关注遗产建筑并在实践中传承中国传统建筑技艺。他对生活中各种自发性的事物保持着新鲜的兴趣,宣称建筑设计只应该是一种业余活动。所以独立性、实验性是“业余工作室”的两大标签,但王澍的建筑语言却从来不是孤芳自赏。工作室的代表作品包括宁波历史博物馆、中国美术学院象山校区项目、南宋御街保护与修复工程、富阳文化综合体、文村改造项目、临安历史博物馆项目。
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