架构师提供的文本描述。该项目地点位于西非萨赫勒地区马里多贡地区的巴拉吉纳村(1986年被宣布为联合国教科文组织世界遗产地)。多贡地区欠发达，因为政府很少在这个偏远地区投资。改善多贡人生活条件的一个重要关键是教育的发展。巴拉吉纳的前一所学校被安置在一个建筑简陋的机库中，这个机库已经严重恶化。必须建造一座新校舍，以满足越来越多学生的需要。这个项目不仅关系到一座新校舍的建设。组织教育和实现支助职能，如水井和教师住房，是使这一项目取得成功的关键。

Text description provided by the architects. The project site is situated in the rural village Balaguina, in the Dogon region in Mali (declared Unesco World Heritage site in 1986), in the West African Sahel. The Dogon region is underdeveloped, as the government hardly invests in this remote region of the country. An important key to improve living conditions of the Dogon people is the development of education. The former school in Balaguina was housed in a poorly constructed hangar which had deteriorated a lot . A new school building which meets the needs of the growing number of students had to be constructed. The project doesn’t only concern the construction of a new school building. The organization of education and the realization of supportive functions like wells and housing for teachers are essential to make this project successful.

巴拉吉纳村位于皮纳里高原，距莫普提东南约40公里，距首都巴马科500公里。该地区位于萨赫勒地区，其特点是旱季和雨季交替。雨季在五月至九月之间持续约五个月。在这一时期，该区绿化繁茂，气温达到40~45℃，旱季变为干旱景观。虽然建筑活动全年都在继续，但施工最好的时期是雨季之后.在直到10月的收获期内，由于工人在土地上工作，工人的可用率很低。

The village Balaguina lies on the Pinari plateau, about 40 kilometers south east of Mopti and 500 kilometers from Bamako, the capital. This area is situated in the Sahel zone, and characterized by the alternation of a dry and a rainy season. The rainy season lasts about five months between May and September. In this period, the area is green and flourishing and temperature reaches 40-45 C. The area turns into an arid landscape in the dry season. Although building activities continue year-round, the best period for construction work is after the rainy season. During the harvest period, which runs until October, the availability of workers is low as they work on the land.

 Courtesy of Foundation Dogon Education

犬只基金会的礼遇

这所学校坐落在通往南多和其他周边村庄的道路上。这个地点是与村里的居民一起精心挑选的。各个方面在确定学校的确切位置方面发挥了作用。地势附近已经有一口井，可以在建筑过程中使用，学校的孩子也可以使用。学校不仅为Balaguina村的儿童提供服务，而且还为周围地区三个村庄的儿童提供服务。因此，对于来自不同村庄的180至200名学生来说，这所学校应该是很容易实现的.

The school is situated along the road to Nando and other surrounding villages. The location was carefully chosen together with the inhabitants of the village. Various aspects played a role in the determination of the exact location of the school. There was already a well near the terrain, which could be used during the building process and by the children of the school. The school serves not only children from the village of Balaguina, but also from three villages in the surrounding area. Therefore, the school should be easily attainable for 180-200 pupils from different villages.

通过将学校安置在Balaguina村以外的通往周围村庄的路上，这所学校“属于”所有这些村庄。村庄之外的另一个原因是，学校建筑不适合传统多贡村的组织，这些村庄包括家庭住房、男女住房和祭坛。

By placing the school outside of the village Balaguina, on the road to surrounding villages, the school “belongs” to all of them. Another reason for this location outside of the village is that a school building doesn’t fit in the organization of traditional Dogon villages, which consist of family houses, men- and women houses and altars.

 Courtesy of Foundation Dogon Education

犬只基金会的礼遇

基本准则

Basic principles

使用当地材料/基本技术

Use of local materials/basic technologies

其中一个主要的标准是利用当地的资源和材料来实现一种经济的、可持续的建筑，它与景观融为一体，符合当地传统的建筑方法。随着基础技术和现有地方知识的运用，传统建筑技术也在逐步创新。这些发展已经在其他地方激发了类似的努力；该区域的其他项目采用了压缩土块和创新的建筑技术。从这个意义上说，这个项目非常适合AKTC的地球重建建筑计划。

One of the main criteria was the use of local resources and materials to realize an economical and sustainable building which integrates in the landscape and suits the local traditional building methods. With the use of basic technology and the existing local knowledge traditional building techniques are innovated step by step. These developments have already inspired similar efforts elsewhere; the use of the compressed earth blocks and innovative building techniques are adopted in other projects in the region. In this sense, the project fits very well in the AKTC’s Rehabilitation of Earth Architecture Program.

教育进程/参与社区

Educational process/involvement community

该项目的目标不仅是一座运转良好的学校大楼，该项目还为学生和当地人民提供了解建筑工作的机会。建筑过程本身对当地建筑和传统建筑技术的可持续发展起着重要的作用。

The goal of this project is not only a well functioning school building, the project also offers students and local people an opportunity to learn about construction work. The building process itself plays an important role in the sustainable development of building locally and traditional building techniques.

当地承包商和工匠与塞瓦雷技术学校的学生密切合作，让他们参与建筑过程的各个阶段。在现有方法、传统和知识的基础上，认真采取步骤改进和完善建筑方法。

The local contractor and craftsmen work closely together with students of the Technical School in Sevare to involve them in all stages of the building process. Steps are taken carefully to improve and refine building methods in continuation on existing methods, traditions and knowledge.

 Courtesy of Foundation Dogon Education

犬只基金会的礼遇

此外，整个社区参与这一项目是重要的，不仅是因为共同建设是多贡传统的一部分，而且是为了为学校建筑的维护创造共同的责任。同时，石匠获得了知识和经验，因此他们可以越来越独立地建造建筑，并在压缩的土块基础上发展自己的建筑语言。

Besides this, involvement of the whole community in the project is important, not only because building together is part of the Dogon tradition, also to create a communal responsibility for the maintenance of the school building. Also, the masons acquire knowledge and experience, so they can build more and more independently and develop their own architectural language based on the compressed earth blocks.

舒适的室内气候

Comfortable inside climate

由于气温很容易达到摄氏40度或更高的温度，所以室内气候的舒适是必不可少的。这个标准要求智能设计解决方案和材料的选择。压缩土块的屋顶，而不是瓦楞纸，两侧的阳台和通风管道有助于营造舒适的室内气候。

As the temperature easily reaches 40 C and higher, a comfortable inside climate is essential. This criterion asks for Intelligent design solutions and choice of materials. The roof of compressed earth blocks, instead of corrugated sheeting, veranda’s on both sides and ventilation pipes contribute to a comfortable inside climate.

该项目是一套学校建筑、教师住房、卫生大楼、水井和公共户外空间。地形将被麻疯树植物包围，以提供一些动物的保护。这些植物的油也被用来制造生物柴油燃料。学校需要达到政府和CAP(动画中心)规定的要求。学校通常由三间教室组成。教室应为7x9米，可供大约60名学生使用。巴拉吉纳的学校分两个阶段建成，以应付不断增长的学生人数。第一阶段由三间教室组成，两边都有阳台。第二阶段包括另一栋由三间教室组成的大楼，建在离公路更近的地方。在这些建筑物之间矗立着一座校园，里面有树木，以提供影子。教师的住房被放置在地形的边缘，每个院落都有自己的庭院，周围是由巴拉吉纳居民制作的传统石墙。住宅小区由三座房屋组成，每个房屋都有其各自的方向。学校主任办公室是面向学校的，要有一个很好的概述。教师的房屋不在村里，因为村庄是以家庭为基础的。教师通常来自其他村庄，在巴拉吉纳没有家人。环卫区位于地势的角落，学生和教师都很容易进入。学校的井是在公路的另一边建造的，因此该村的居民也可以使用它，学校的地形仍供学生使用。学校、房屋和卫生大楼的位置也是由必须保存的树木决定的。

The project is an ensemble of the school building, houses for teachers, sanitation blocks, a well and communal outdoor space. The terrain will be enclosed by Jatropha plants to offer some protection against animals. The oil from the plants is also used for making biodiesel fuel. The school needs to meet the requirements prescribed by the government and the CAP (Centre d’Animation Pédagogique). Schools usually consist of clusters of three classrooms. Classrooms should be 7 x 9 meters and serve about 60 pupils. The school in Balaguina is built in two phases, to be able to cope with the growing number of pupils. The first phase consists of a school building of three classrooms with veranda’s on both sides. The second phase comprises another building of three classrooms, placed closer to the road. In between these buildings arises a schoolyard with trees to provide shadow. The housing block for teachers are placed on the edge of the terrain and each has its own courtyard enclosed by traditional parapets of cut stones, made by inhabitants of Balaguina. The housing block comprises three homes, each with its own orientation. The office of the schools director is oriented to the school, to have a good overview. The houses for teachers are not located in the village, because the village is based on families. Teachers often come from other villages and have no family in Balaguina. The sanitation block is located in the corner of the terrain, easily accessible for both pupils and teachers. The well for the school was constructed on the other side of the road so that it can also be used by the inhabitants of the village and the school terrain remains for the pupils. The position of the school, houses and sanitation block has also been determined by the trees which had to be preserved.

 Courtesy of Foundation Dogon Education

犬只基金会的礼遇

学校的建筑和教师的房屋与当地的建筑和住房传统有着密切的联系。当地压缩土块的使用使其与周围环境融为一体，就像几乎所有融入景观的多贡村一样，形式语言显然是功能需求的结果。

The architecture of the school and the houses for teachers has a close connection with the local building and housing traditions. The use of locally compressed earth blocks results in a fluent integration with the surroundings, like almost all Dogon villages which merge into the landscape.The formal language is a clear result of functional requirements.

 Courtesy of Foundation Dogon Education

犬只基金会的礼遇

学校的结构是独特的，有两个走廊沿教室。这两个阳台的功能，作为支撑，以赶上负荷的桶拱顶屋顶的教室。除此之外，阳台为学生提供了舒适的室外空间。阳台是砖砌成的交替钉的块和肋骨，这决定了在外观的节奏。在通道中，块体遵循压力拱，这样就形成了特征开口。屋顶和屋檐被额外的石头层和膨胀的石头隔开拱门突出。在压缩土块的屋顶上涂上一层20-30毫米厚的红土与水泥混合，以达到防水层的目的。手工制作的陶瓷石榴石能迅速吸收雨水。这些石榴石，由博佐人，也是应用在屋顶通风和日光。

The structure of the school is unique with two veranda’s along the classrooms. Both veranda’s function as buttresses to catch the load of the barrel vault roof of the classrooms. Besides this, the veranda’s offer comfortable outside space for the pupils. The veranda’s are brick-laid in alternating stapled blocks with ribs which determine the rhythm in the façade. In the passages, the blocks follow the pressure arch and this way form the characteristic openings. The roof and the eaves are accentuated by extra stone layers and dilatation stones which divide the arches. The roof of compressed earth blocks is smeared with a 20-30mm thick layer of red earth mixed with cement to achieve a waterproof layer. Handmade ceramic gargoyles abduct the rainwater quickly. These gargoyles, made by the Bozo people, are also applied in the roof for ventilation and daylight.

教师之家

Houses for teachers

为了鼓励教师来到偏远的多贡地区，学校旁边建起了房屋。这座住宅由三栋房屋和学校校长的办公空间组成。这个块体是由四个相互毗邻的桶形拱顶形成的。每个家庭包括一个庭院，入口客厅和卧室。为了在这个住宅小区创造隐私，每个家庭都有自己的定位。窗户和门的开口是强调了一个宽边缘的砖石.这加强了建筑，遮挡太阳，并导致良好的阴影和节奏的正面，这是多贡建筑的特点。学校主任为他的家人提供了一个额外的寝室。一般来说，这些房子只在学年使用，在假期期间，教师经常到其他地方去找他们的家人。无论是在学校还是在房子里，地板都是用4公斤厚的压缩土砌成的。为了防止白蚁破坏建筑物，地面撒上了盐。

To encourage teachers to come to the remote Dogon region, houses have been built next to the school. The housing block comprises three homes and office space for the schools director. The block is formed by four barrel vaults next to each other. Each home includes a courtyard, the entrance living room and a sleeping room. To create privacy in this housing block, each home has its own orientation. The window- and door openings are accentuated with a wide brim of masonry. This reinforces the construction, blocks the sun and results in a nice shading and rhythm in the façade which is characteristic for the Dogon architecture. The schools director has an extra sleeping room for his family. In general the houses are only used during the school year, during holidays teachers often go to their families elsewhere. Both in the school and the houses, the floors are made of compressed earth blocks of 4 kilos, half thickness. To prevent termites for damaging the building, the groundis sprinkled with salt.

 Courtesy of Foundation Dogon Education

犬只基金会的礼遇

Construction

在多贡地区，根据具体地点，采用不同类型的建筑方法和材料。粘土是最常见的建筑材料，因为在整个多贡地区都可以找到各种类型的粘土。在巴拉吉纳，粘土也是最明显的选择。

In the Dogon region different types of building methods and materials are applied, depending on the exact location. Clay is the most common building material, as various types of clay can be found throughout the whole Dogon region. In Balaguina, clay was the most obvious choice too.

尽可能多地使用当地可用的材料来建造是非常重要的。这在经济上比进口材料更有趣，是一种可持续的解决办法，而且易于实施。完整的建筑，承重墙，弯曲的屋顶和地板都是用液压压缩的土块来实现的。本实用新型是一种可移动的块体压制机，可在施工现场制作成块，用土质砂浆连接。这些块重8，5公斤，能承受15 N/mm2的压力。大约3-4%的水泥被添加到砌块中，使砌块防水.地基是用混凝土浇筑而成的。由于当地材料的使用是一个重要的标准，因此没有采用支撑结构。这不仅导致一个独特的壤土建筑，它导致设计解决方案，以提高建筑的质量，就像阳台在建筑物的两侧。除此之外，在墙壁、屋顶和地板上使用壤土会使室内气候变得非常舒适。屋顶上独特的通风管道，采用传统的石榴石结构，达到了完美的通风效果，避免了双屋面的施工。木材的使用被拒绝，因为原生硬木是稀缺的，辛苦的和在维护方面的要求。钢窗框是由莫普提的工匠制作的，他们熟悉这一技术。另一个不使用木材的原因是白蚁的威胁，白蚁把它吃掉了。

It is very important to build with locally available materials as much as possible. This is economically more interesting than importing materials, a sustainable solution and easily workable. The complete building; the bearing walls, the curved roof and the floors are realized with hydraulically compressed earth blocks. The earth block pressing machine is mobile, so the blocks could be made on the construction site and jointed by an earth mortar. The blocks weigh 8,5 kilo each and can bear a pressure of 15 N/mm2. About 3-4% cement is added to the blocks to make the blocks waterproof. The foundation are made of poured concrete. Because the use of local materials was an important criterion, no supporting constructions are applied. This doesn’t only results in a unique loam construction, it leads to design solutions which increase the quality of the building, like the veranda’s on both sides of the building. Besides this, the use of loam in walls, roof and floors results in a very comfortable inside climate. The unique ventilation pipes in the roof, made of traditional gargoyles, achieve a perfect ventilation and make a double roof construction unnecessary. The use of wood was rejected because native hardwood is scarce, laborious and demanding in terms of maintenance. The steel window frames are made by craftsmen in Mopti who are familiar with the technique. Another reason not to use wood is the threat of termites, who eat it away.

多贡教育基金会的文本。

Text by Foundation Dogon Education.