按照现代主义的进步理想(这鼓励了传统的毁灭)，辐射之城将从一张小报中诞生：它将建立在被摧毁的欧洲本土城市的基础之上。新城市将包括预制和相同的高密度摩天大楼，分布在一个广阔的绿色区域，并安排在笛卡尔网格，使城市作为一个“活的机器”。勒柯布西耶解释说：“今天的城市是一个垂死的东西，因为它的规划不是几何四分之一的比例。真正的几何布局的结果是重复，重复的结果是一个标准.完美的形式。“

In accordance with modernist ideals of progress (which encouraged the annihilation of tradition), The Radiant City was to emerge from a tabula rasa: it was to be built on nothing less than the grounds of demolished vernacular European cities. The new city would contain prefabricated and identical high-density skyscrapers, spread across a vast green area and arranged in a Cartesian grid, allowing the city to function as a “living machine.” Le Corbusier explains: “The city of today is a dying thing because its planning is not in the proportion of geometrical one fourth. The result of a true geometrical lay-out is repetition, The result of repetition is a standard. The perfect form.”

 via labourbanisticaventura.voila.net

通过劳工-aventura.voila.net

勒柯布西耶计划的核心是分区概念：将城市严格划分为商业、娱乐和住宅区。商业区位于中心，有巨大的摩天大楼，每一座高达200米，可容纳5到80万人。在这个市民区的中心是主要的交通甲板，一个庞大的地下火车系统将公民从周围的住房区。

At the core of Le Corbusier’s plan stood the notion of zoning: a strict division of the city into segregated commercial, business, entertainment and residential areas. The business district was located in the center, and contained monolithic mega-skyscrapers, each reaching a height of 200 meters and accommodating five to eight hundred thousand people. Located in the center of this civic district was the main transportation deck, from which a vast underground system of trains would transport citizens to and from the surrounding housing districts.

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住房区将包括预制公寓楼，被称为“单元”(Unités)。一个单位的高度可达50米，可容纳2 700名居民，并可作为一个垂直村庄发挥作用：一楼将有餐饮和洗衣设施，屋顶上将有一个幼儿园和一个游泳池。该单位之间将有公园，允许居民在门口的台阶上有最大的自然日光、最低限度的噪音和娱乐设施。

The housing districts would contain pre-fabricated apartment buildings, known as “Unités.” Reaching a height of fifty meters, a single Unité could accommodate 2,700 inhabitants and function as a vertical village: catering and laundry facilities would be on the ground floor, a kindergarden and a pool on the roof. Parks would exist between the Unités, allowing residents with a maximum of natural daylight, a minimum of noise and recreational facilities at their doorsteps. 

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勒柯布西耶在为巴黎、安特卫普、莫斯科、阿尔及尔和摩洛哥等城市制定的各种计划草案中进一步发展了这些激进的想法。最后，在1949年，他找到了一个国家权力机构，为他提供了一个“自由手”-印度的旁遮普邦首都。在印度解放后的第一个规划城市昌迪加尔，勒柯布西耶实行了严格的分区制度，并设计了由高等法院、立法会议和秘书处组成的中央国会大楼。

These radical ideas were further developed by Le Corbusier in his drafts for various schemes for cities such as Paris, Antwerp, Moscow, Algiers and Morocco. Finally, in 1949 he found a state authority that provided him with a “free hand” - The Indian capital of Punjab. In Chandigarh, the first planned city in liberated India, Le Corbusier applied his strict zoning system and designed the central Capitol Complex, consisting of the High Court, the Legislative Assembly, and the Secretariat.

 The Legislative Assembly and the Secretariat in Chandigarh . Image© Nicholas Iyadurai

在昌迪加尔举行的立法会议和秘书处会议。图像C.Nicholas Iyadurai

也许在巴西首都巴西利亚的构想中可以看到勒·柯布西耶思想的最大实现，巴西利亚是在巴西总统提供的一个空置的场地上建造的。卢西奥·科斯塔(Lúcio Costa)和奥斯卡·尼迈耶(Oscar Niemeyer)在这张小报(勒·柯布西耶会垂涎的地方)上设计了一个完全按几何学顺序排列的城市，将纪念性行政区和完全由政府拥有的相同住房区分隔开来。通过实施勒柯布西耶的原则，科斯塔和尼迈耶希望建立一个实现平等和正义的城市。

Perhaps the largest realization of Le Corbusier’s ideas can be witnessed in the conception of Brazil’s capital, Brasilia, which was constructed on a vacant site provided by the President of Brasil. Upon this tabula rasa (which Le Corbusier would have coveted), Lúcio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer designed a perfectly geometrically ordered city that segregated the monumental administration zones and the identical housing districts, owned entirely by the government. By implementing Le Corbusier’s principles, Costa and Niemeyer hoped to create a city that materialized equality and justice.

 Construction of Brasilia, 1956 . Image © Marcel Gauthero

巴西利亚建筑，1956年。图像(Marcel Gauthero)

辐射城市的影响并非仅限于城市规划领域。1947年，勒柯布西耶在马赛设计了住房保护单元(Unitéd‘Habity)，该单元受辐射城单元(Radiant City’s Unités)的启发，在一栋建筑中包含337套公寓，屋顶和底层的公共设施也是如此。由于战后经济中钢铁生产的成本，该单位是由裸露的混凝土建造的，预示着野蛮建筑的到来。在随后的几年里，法国和德国建造了四座类似的建筑。这种类型学，为战后的住房短缺提供了答案，在世界各地的无数住房项目中得到了进一步的改编。

The Radiant City’s influence was not exclusive to the world of urban planning. In 1947, Le Corbusier designed the Unité d'Habitation in Marseille, which - inspired by The Radiant City’s Unités - contained 337 apartments in a single building, along with public facilities on the roof and ground floor. Due to the costs of steel production in the post-War economy, the Unité d'Habitation was constructed of exposed concrete and heralded the arrival of brutalist architecture. In the years that followed, four similar buildings were erected in France and Germany. This typology, which provided an answer to the Post-War housing shortage, was further adapted around the world in countless housing projects.

 Unité d'Habitation in Marseille. Image © Vincent Desjardins

马赛的住房组。图像(文森特·德斯贾丁)

今天，在现代主义之后，勒柯布西耶建造的城市几乎从来没有被描述为乌托邦。例如，巴西利亚因忽视居民的习惯或愿望而受到严厉批评，并没有为城市交往提供公共空间。此外，如今几乎每一个主要城市的郊区都有单元式公寓楼，它们已成为贫穷和犯罪的温床；大多数已被彻底改造或拆除。

Today, in the aftermath of Modernism, Le Corbusier’s built cities are hardly ever described as Utopias. Brasilia, for example, has been harshly criticized for ignoring residents' habits or desires and for not providing public spaces for urban encounters. In addition to this, the Unité-inspired apartment blocks, which lie on the outskirts of nearly every major city today, have become incubators of poverty and crime; most have been thoroughly remodeled or demolished.

 The pruitt-Igoe social housing development, built in 1954 and demolished in 1972 . Image© The Pruitt-Igoe Myth

普鲁伊特-伊戈社会住房开发项目，建于1954年，1972年被拆除。图像(Pruitt-Igoe神话)

然而，通过仔细规划提出命令的想法现在和勒·柯布西耶第一次出版“辐射城”时一样重要。健康生活、交通、噪音、公共空间和交通等问题-与他之前的任何一位建筑师不同-仍然是当今城市规划师关注的一个主要问题。

Nevertheless, the idea of proposing order through careful planning is as relevant now as when Le Corbusier first published The Radiant City. Issues of healthy living, traffic, noise, public space and transportation, which Le Corbusier - unlike any architect before him - addressed holistically, continue to be a major concern of city planners today.