气象敏感建筑

Meteorosensitive Architecture

建筑中的气候响应能力通常被认为是由无数机械和电子传感、驱动和调节设备所支持的一种技术功能。与这种将高科技设备叠加在其他惰性物质上的情况不同，大自然提出了一种根本不同的非科技策略：在各种生物系统中，反应能力在物质本身中是根深蒂固的。该项目采用类似的设计策略，在物理上编程一个响应的材料系统，既不需要额外的机械或电子控制，也不需要外部能源的供应。在这里，材料计算形式与环境一致。

Climate-responsiveness in architecture is typically conceived as a technical function enabled by myriad mechanical and electronic sensing, actuating and regulating devices. In contrast to this superimposition of high-tech equipment on otherwise inert material, nature suggests a fundamentally different, no-tech strategy: In various biological systems the responsive capacity is quite literally ingrained in the material itself. This project employs similar design strategies of physically programming a responsive material system that requires neither extraneous mechanical or electronic controls, nor the supply of external energy. Here material computes form in unison with the environment.

 Courtesy of ICD University of Stuttgart

斯图加特大学提供

该项目探讨了原型建筑体积、盒子和深的、起伏的皮肤嵌入一簇复杂的气候反应孔之间的紧张关系。展馆的信封是由薄薄的胶合板的弹性弯曲行为计算得出的，它同时具有承重结构和对米敏感的皮肤。该材料的固有能力形成锥形表面与7轴机器人制造工艺相结合，建造28个几何独特的部件，容纳1100湿度响应孔。

The project explores the tension between an archetypical architectural volume, the box, and a deep, undulating skin imbedding clusters of intricate, climate responsive apertures.  The pavilion’s envelope, which is at the same time load-bearing structure and metereosensitive skin, is computationally derived from the elastic bending behaviour of thin plywood sheets. The material’s inherent capacity to form conical surfaces is employed in combination with 7-axis robotic manufacturing processes to construct 28 geometrically unique components housing 1100 humidity responsive apertures.

 Courtesy of ICD University of Stuttgart

斯图加特大学提供

小孔对相对湿度变化的响应范围在30%到90%之间，这相当于温和气候下从晴天到雨天的湿度变化范围。在与当地小气候的直接反馈中，展馆不断调整其开放度和孔隙度，调节光圈的透光性和视觉渗透性。这种交换导致内部空间的内部空间、光照和内部空间的不断波动。表面的吸湿性驱动提供了独特的环境和空间体验的融合；通过气象敏感的建筑皮肤的微妙而无声的运动，增强了对微妙、局部变化和不断变化的环境动力学的感知。变化的表面体现了感知、驱动和反应的能力，这一切都是在物质本身内进行的。

The apertures respond to relative humidity changes within a range from 30% to 90%, which equals the humidity range from bright sunny to rainy weather in a moderate climate. In direct feedback with the local microclimate the pavilion constantly adjusts its degree of openness and porosity, modulating the light transmission and visual permeability of the envelope. This exchange results in constant fluctuations of enclosure, illumination and interiority of the internal space.  The hygroscopic actuation of the surface provides for a unique convergence of environmental and spatial experience; the perception of the delicate, locally varied, and ever changing environmental dynamics is intensified through the subtle and silent movement of the meteorosensitive architectural skin. The changing surface embodies the capacity to sense, actuate and react, all within the material itself.

仿生原理：材料固有的反应性

Biomimetic Principle: Materially-Ingrained Responsiveness

自然已经演化出各种各样的动态系统，与气候影响相互作用。对于建筑来说，一个特别有趣的方法是云杉球果中可以观察到的由水分驱动的运动。与其他由主动细胞压力变化产生的植物运动不同，这种运动是通过对湿度变化的被动反应进行的。因此，它不需要任何感觉系统或运动功能。运动是独立于任何代谢功能，因此，它不消耗任何能量。在这里，反应能力是固有的材料的吸湿行为和它自己的各向异性特性。各向异性表示材料特性的方向依赖性。吸湿性是指一种物质在干燥时能够吸收大气中的水分，在潮湿时向大气释放水分，从而保持与周围相对湿度的平衡。

Nature has evolved a great variety of dynamic systems interacting with climatic influences. For architecture, one particularly interesting way is the moisture-driven movement that can be observed in spruce cones. Unlike other plant movements that are produced by active cell pressure changes, this movement takes place through a passive response to humidity changes. Therefore, it does not require any sensory system or motor function. The movement is independent from any metabolic function and hence, it does not consume any energy. Here, the responsive capacity is intrinsic to the material’s hygroscopic behaviour and its own anisotropic characteristics. Anisotropy denotes the directional dependence of a material’s characteristics. Hygroscopicity refers to a substance’s ability to take in moisture from the atmosphere when dry and yield moisture to the atmosphere when wet, thereby maintaining a moisture content in equilibrium with the surrounding relative humidity.

 Courtesy of ICD University of Stuttgart

斯图加特大学提供

通过这种方式，云杉球果的运动植根于材料与外界环境相互作用的内在能力，并表明结构组织如何对环境刺激作出被动反应：圆锥体开口(干燥时)和闭合(润湿时)是由鳞片的双层结构促成的。外层由平行的、长的和密集的厚壁细胞组成，通过膨胀或收缩来对相对湿度的增加或减少作出吸湿性反应，而内层则保持相对稳定。各层的微分维数变化转化为尺度的形状变化，导致锥的鳞片打开或关闭。

In this way, the movement of spruce cones is rooted in the material’s intrinsic capacity to interact with the external environment, and it shows how a structured tissue can passively respond to environmental stimuli:  The cone opening (when dried) and closing (when wetted) is enabled by the bilayered structure of the scales’ material. The outer layer, consisting of parallel, long and densely packed thick-walled cells, hygroscopically reacts to an increase or decrease of relative humidity by expanding or contracting, while the inner layer remains relatively stable. The resultant differential dimensional change of the layers translates into a shape change of the scale, causing the cone’s scales to open or close.

 Process-Responsive Component

过程-响应元件

科学发展：湿敏木复合材料

Scientific Development: Humidity Responsive Wood Composites

该项目以六年多的设计研究经验为基础，研究云杉锥提供的仿生原理，以开发不需要任何感官设备、马达功能或甚至操作能量输入的对气候敏感的建筑系统。这项研究使木材，最古老和最常见的建筑材料之一，作为一种适应气候变化的天然复合材料的使用成为可能。利用木材的各向异性尺寸特性，开发了一种基于简单四分之切枫木单板的湿敏单板-复合材料单元。在环境湿度引发的水分吸附和解吸过程中，木材细胞组织中微纤维之间的距离发生了变化，导致了尺度的显著各向异性变化。通过精确的形态清晰度，这种尺寸变化可以用来触发一个响应元件的形状变化。(鼓掌)

This project builds on over six years of design research experience investigating the biomimetic principles offered by the spruce cone to develop climate responsive architectural systems that do not require any sensory equipment, motor functions or even operational energy input. The research enables the use of wood, one of the oldest and most common construction materials, as a climate-responsive, natural composite. Wood’s anisotropic dimensional behaviour was exploited in the development of a humidity responsive veneer-composite element based on simple quarter-cut maple veneer. In the process of adsorption and desorption of moisture triggered by ambient humidity changes the distance between the microfibrils in the wood cell tissue changes, resulting in a significant anisotropic change in dimension. Through a precise morphological articulation, this dimensional change can be employed to trigger the shape change of a responsive element.  

 Courtesy of ICD University of Stuttgart

斯图加特大学提供

所开发的材料可以通过物理编程来计算不同的形状，以响应相对湿度的变化。在这个项目中，由于相对湿度迅速上升，这些元素在几分钟内从开放变为封闭。单板复合元件在一个令人惊讶的简单部件中测量材料的响应能力，它同时也是嵌入式传感器、无能源电机和调节元件。这种运动的可逆性和可靠性已经在大量的长期试验中得到了测试和验证，无论是在受控的实验室条件下还是在室外应用中。然而，这是第一次综合积累的知识，为这个展馆开发一个独特的气象敏感建筑外壳。

The developed material can be physically programmed to compute different shapes in response to changes in relative humidity. In this project the elements change from open to closed within a few minutes given a rapid rise in relative humidity. The veneer-composite element instrumentalises the material’s responsive capacity in one surprisingly simple component that is at the same time embedded sensor, no-energy motor and regulating element. The reversibility and reliability of this movement has been tested and verified in a large number of long-term tests, both in controlled laboratory conditions and in outdoor applications. However, it is the first time that the accumulated knowledge has been synthesized for the development of a unique meteorosensitive architectural enclosure for this pavilion.

 Courtesy of ICD University of Stuttgart

斯图加特大学提供

技术发展：弹性自成型和机器人制造模块化结构

Technical Development: Elastically Self-forming and Robotically Fabricated Modular Construction

该项目深入研究了机器人预制、基于构件的结构和弹性自成形结构的设计研究，并根据薄平面胶合板的弹性特性和材料形成锥形表面的相关能力，开发了一个计算设计过程。计算过程集成了材料在弹性弯曲过程中物理计算形式的能力、建筑构件的累积结构、所有关节的计算细节以及与7轴工业机器人制作所需的机器代码。它最初是以圆锥面的形式形成的，然后通过真空挤压连接成一个夹层板。模块面板的最终形式定义，达到精确的公差水平，是通过机器人修整实现的。弹性弯曲的皮肤表面的结构能力允许一个轻量级，但稳健的系统，由非常薄的胶合板组件构成。(鼓掌)

The project taps into several years of design research on robotic prefabrication, component-based construction and elastically self-forming structures.  For this pavilion a computational design process was developed based on the elastic behaviour of thin planar plywood sheets and the material’s related capacity to form conical surfaces. The computational process integrates the material’s capacity to physically compute form in the elastic bending process, the cumulative structure of the resulting building components, the computational detailing of all joints and the generation of the required machine code for the fabrication with a 7-axis industrial robot.  Each component consists of a double layered skin, which initially self-forms as conical surfaces and is subsequently joined to produce a sandwich-panel by vacuum pressing. Final form definition on the modular panels, to precise tolerance levels, is achieved through robotic trimming. The structural capacity of the elastically bent skin surfaces allows for a lightweight, yet robust system, constructed from very thin plywood components.  

 Courtesy of ICD University of Stuttgart

斯图加特大学提供

通过对结构的激光扫描，验证了自成形过程的准确性.它们揭示了计算导出的设计模型与实际物理几何之间的平均偏差小于0.5mm。这不仅表明材料行为与设计计算的结合不再是一个理想化的目标，而且是一个可行的命题。它还展示了如何将计算设计过程集中在材料行为而不是几何形状上，从而使表演能力和材料足智多谋得以展开，从而将设计空间扩展到迄今为止尚未探索的建筑可能性上。

The accuracy of the self-forming process was verified by comprehensive laser scans of the structure. They revealed an average deviation of less than 0.5mm between the computationally derived design model and the actual physical geometry that the material computed in full scale. This not only shows that the integration of material behaviour and design computation is no longer an idealized goal but a feasible proposition. It also demonstrates how focusing the computational design process on material behaviour rather than geometric shape allows for an unfolding of performative capacities and material resourcefulness that expands the design space towards hitherto unexplored architectural possibilities.