基于“房子内的房子”的概念，并受捷克在国内度过周末的传统的启发，“空中之家”的特色是灵活、开放的内部，由智能的第二层皮肤保护-一种“太阳能木制天篷”，通过光伏和太阳能热电池板产生能量并提供热水。阅读团队的项目描述。

Based on a “house within a house” concept and inspired by the Czech tradition of spending weekends in the country, the “AIR House” features a flexible, open interior that is protected by an intelligent second skin - a “solar wooden canopy” that generates energy and provides hot water via photovoltaic and solar-thermal panels. Read for the team’s project description. 

 © AIR House - Solar Decathlon Team Czech Republic

航空之家-捷克共和国太阳能十项全能队

飞机屋的设计是对捷克共和国当代人口发展的反应；在捷克共和国，高级住房提出了一个非常紧迫的社会问题(目前占所有家庭的20%)。

The AIR House design reacts to the contemporary demographic development in the Czech Republic; where senior housing presents a very imminent social topic (currently 20% of all households).

Inspiration

我们的主要灵感来自一个典型的捷克习惯，在“恰塔”度过周末-在国内的一间小屋或小木屋。一九四八年至八九年的社会主义时期，大多数人没有钱去买“正宗的乡间房子”，在前捷克斯洛伐克，一种非常独特的非正统的民间建筑已经发展了四十多年，构成了房子的体积和功能，我们与传统的特色，典型的捷克农舍与阴影门廊和谷仓的L形配置，创造了一个受保护的庭院连接到农场院子。

Our main inspiration comes from a typical Czech custom of spending weekends in "chata" – a cottage or cabin out in the country. During the socialist times from 1948 to 1989, the majority of the population had no money to invest in a „proper country house“, and a very unique type of unorthodox, folk architecture had developed for over four decades in the former Czechoslovakia. In composing the house’s volume and functions, we worked with the traditional features of a typical Czech farm house with shaded porch and barn in an L-shape configuration that creates a protected courtyard connecte

 © AIR House - Solar Decathlon Team Czech Republic

航空之家-捷克共和国太阳能十项全能队

这个概念结合了一个最低限度的室内居住区域和一个慷慨的外部区域。经济规模的配置是基于传统的最低限度的住房，在那里一个巧妙的建筑设计节省空间，从而节省购买和运营成本。灵活的居住空间可容纳厨房、生活、餐饮和睡眠空间。该技术模块包括浴室、技术室、厨房外和仓库。太阳甲板可以举行不同的活动，如烹饪，园艺，放松和储存。综合食用天然园林在房屋和周围自然之间起着中介作用。

The concept combines a minimum interior living area with a generous outside area. The economy-sized disposition is based on the tradition of minimal housing, where an ingenious architectural design saves space and therefore saves purchase and operating costs. The flexible living space accommodates kitchen, living, dining and sleeping space. The technology module features a bathroom, technical room, outside kitchen and storage. The sun deck can hold different activities such as cooking, gardening, relaxation and storage. The integrated edible natural garden functions as a mediator between the house and the surrounding nature.

房子里的房子

House Within a House

气室主要体积的组成主要是基于“房子内的房子”的概念，它符合两层皮肤的原理，第一层是由一个由厚厚的木板和天然的木纤维保温材料组成的生活区的保温围护层构成的。房子的室内功能被包含了。第二层皮肤，由太阳能木制天篷形成，保护第一层皮肤免受太阳和风造成的热应力，并通过连接到天篷结构元件上的光伏和太阳能电池板产生电能和热水。这两层皮肤之间的空间会在内部和外部产生张力。它创造了一种独特的氛围，光线和阴影的作用。从更远的地方看，房子看起来非常紧凑，它的体积看起来是一个简单的立方体形状。

The composition of AIR House’s main volumes is primarily based on the “house within a house” concept which works with the principle of two skins.  The First Skin is formed by a thermal insulation envelope of the living area that is made of massive wood panels in combination with natural wood fiber thermal insulation. Under this skin the main volume and all indoor functions of the house are contained.  The second Skin, formed by a solar wooden canopy, protects the First Skin from thermal stress caused by the sun and the wind, and generates electric energy and hot water via photovoltaic and solar-thermal panels attached to the canopy´s structural elements.The space between the two skins generates tension between the interior and exterior. It creates a unique atmosphere, a play of light and shadows. From further away, the house looks very compact and its volume appears a simple cubic shape.

 © Martin Cenek, Team CTU

C.CTU小组Martin Cenek

遮蔽露台

Shaded Terrace

空中住宅设计的一个重要方面是在房子的外部和内部之间建立强有力的联系。我们的目标是扩大相对较小的室内居住空间外，让用户受益于阴影露台为他们的活动。由于玻璃墙将它与室内空间隔开，这个露台可以与室内完全连接起来，并有许多用途-作为社交活动的会议空间，如餐厅、厨房、电影院等。此外，随着滑动门的打开，室内立即成为外部的一部分，在夏季的晚上，居民们可以充分享受清新的微风，同时也不受最终的雨淋的影响。一个可食用的花园被整合在露台甲板上，充当房子与周围大自然之间的中介。

An important aspect of the AIR House design is the creation of a strong link between the house´s exterior and interior. Our aim was to extend the relatively modest interior living space outside and allow the users to benefit from a shaded terrace for their activities. This terrace, thanks to the glazed wall that divides it from the interior space, can be fully functionally connected to the interior and serve many purposes – as a meeting space for social activities, as a dining room, kitchen, movie theater etc. Also, with the sliding doors open, the interior becomes immediately part of the exterior, and during summer evenings the inhabitants can fully enjoy the fresh breeze while still being protected from the eventual rain shower.  An edible garden is integrated in the terrace deck and acts as a mediator between the house and the surrounding nature. 

 © AIR House - Solar Decathlon Team Czech Republic

航空之家-捷克共和国太阳能十项全能队

气室能源概念简单、生态。该布局结合了一个最低限度的室内居住区域和一个慷慨的外部区域。目标是将最大限度的功能单元放置在空调区域之外，从而将维持室内舒适所需的能量降到最低。空中楼阁被设计成一座零能量的房子.它从太阳辐射中获得家庭所需的所有能源，以及维持最佳内部气候所需的能源。低的材料、水和能源消耗对我们也很重要。

The AIR House energy concept is simple and ecological. The layout combines a minimum interior living area with a generous outside area. The goal is to place a maximum of functional units outside the air-conditioned area and thus minimize the energy needed to maintain interior comfort. The AIR HOUSE is designed as a zero‐energy house. It obtains all the energy needed for the household, and for the maintenance of the optimal interior climate, from solar radiation. Low material, water and energy consumption is also important to us.

 © AIR House - Solar Decathlon Team Czech Republic

航空之家-捷克共和国太阳能十项全能队

光伏系统

Photovoltaic System

50平方米的光伏电池板产生了所有的能源运行所需的房子。气室配备30块非晶态晶片350 x210x8mm 185 WP。在美国的比赛周期间，电能将转移到太阳能村微电网。对于捷克共和国的使用，该房子的特点是一个独立的光伏单元，以确保运行的普通电器的功耗较低，并测试和监测能源自给自足的概念的空气房。

50 m2 of PV panels generate all the energy needed for operating the house. AIR House is equipped with 30 amorphous crystalline panels 350x210x8mm 185 Wp. During the contest week in US, electrical energy will transfer to the Solar Village micro grid. For the use in Czech Republic, the house features a standalone PV unit for ensuring the operation of common appliances with lower power consumption and testing and monitoring the energy self-sufficient concept of the AIR House.

Air-Conditioning System

在捷克共和国的气候下，房子一年中的大部分时间都是自然通风的。在冬季和比赛的目的，我们将使用回收余热。热调理通风系统确保最佳的空气交换和通风期间最大限度地减少热损失，这是高达40%的整个损失的建筑物在标准家庭的房子。在空气室，室内空气质量由一个双工RB4 EC ATREA热风通风单元提供。热风通风装置通过数据采集与外环控制和智能家居控制相连接。

In the Czech Republic climate, the house will be ventilated naturally most of the year. During winter and for the competition purposes, we will use recuperation of waste heat. Heat recuperation ventilation system ensures optimal air exchange and during ventilation minimizes heat loss, which represents up to 40% of the entire loss of the building in standard family houses. In the AIR House, the interior air quality is provided by a Duplex RB4 EC ATREA hot-air ventilation unit. The hot-air ventilation unit is connected to an outer loop control and intelligent house control with data collection.

太阳热系统

Solar Thermal System

AirHouse的家用热水将由两台平板太阳能热收集器提供，这是一家纯粹由捷克公司雷古斯公司提供的。太阳系的工作原理是将太阳能转化为热能。该系统可利用高达80%的太阳能。集热器内部的热量通过特殊的防冻剂太阳能流体转移到集成蓄热箱IZT ATREA(Atrea)中。在中欧的气候条件下，整个一年，太阳系占家庭热水需求的50-60%，夏季为100%，冬季为10%。在太阳能隔热率较低的时期，太阳能热水系统将以空气-水热泵作为补充。我们的太阳能热系统的设计，以满足所有家庭热水需求，在太阳能十项全能显示。

The domestic hot water in AIR House will be provided by two flat-plate solar thermal collectors by Regulus, a purely Czech-owned company. Solar system operate on the principle of transforming solar energy into heat. The system is able to utilize as much as 80% solar energy. The heat trapped inside the collector is transferred by special antifreeze solar fluid into an integrated heat storage tank IZT ATREA (Atrea). In the central Europe climate conditions, the solar system covers 50-60% of the domestic hot water needs throughout the whole year, 100% in summer and 10% during winter months. In periods of low solar insulation, the solar hot water system will be supplemented by an air-to-water heat pump.. Our solar thermal system is designed to cover all domestic hot water needs during the Solar Decathlon display.

 © AIR House - Solar Decathlon Team Czech Republic

航空之家-捷克共和国太阳能十项全能队

人工湿地

Constructed Wetland

考虑周到的水处理是航空公司的另一个优先概念。在室内，饮用水很快就会变成废物，但在花园里有很多方法可以重复使用。一个灰色的水系统从淋浴、洗脸盆和洗涤中收集水，过滤和再利用它来灌溉植物，从而减少20%的水消耗。

Considerate water handling is another priority of the AIR HOUSE concept. In house, drinking water can quickly turn to waste, but there are many ways it can be reused in the garden. A grey water system collects water from the showers, wash basins and washing up, filtering it and re‐using it to irrigate plants and thus reduces water consumption by 20%.

Water Saving

空中屋的浴室安装了一个低冲水马桶。我们使用Axor Starck有机浴室混合器和淋浴(Hansgrohe)，它们在消费方面是经济的，它们的用水量比标准混合器低60%。这款高效的淋浴喷雾器由90架喷气式喷雾器组成，功能非常强大，可以沐浴整个皮肤。搅拌器的技术解决方案防止水直接与搅拌器体接触。这使饮用水不受铅和镍的污染。

The AIR HOUSE bathroom is fitted with a low flush toilet. We use Axor Starck Organic bathroom mixers and shower (Hansgrohe), which are economic in terms of consumption; their water consumption is 60% lower than of standard mixers. The extremely efficient shower spray is made up of 90 jets and is highly functional, bathing the entire skin. Technological solution of the mixers prevents water from coming into direct contact with the mixer body. This keeps drinking water free from lead and nickel contamination.

 © Martin Cenek, Team CTU

C.CTU小组Martin Cenek

我们的增进健康战略不仅限于技术解决办法，也不限于使用不危害健康的材料。根据温斯顿·丘吉尔(1943)的名言：“我们塑造我们的建筑，然后它们塑造我们”，我们的方法更加复杂。我们根据材料对所有5种人类感官的影响来选择材料。为了尊重人类的昼夜节律，我们注重视觉舒适性；我们将人工照明设计成与自然照明条件相对应的照明。我们认为，材料的选择决定了内部环境的质量。

Our health enhancing strategy is not limited to a technological solution or use of materials that present no health hazards. According to the famous quotation of Winston Churchill (1943) “We shape our buildings, thereafter they shape us“, our approach is more complex. We choose materials in accordance to how they affect all 5 human senses. To respect human circadian rhythm, we focus on visual comfort; we program the artificial lighting to correspond to natural lighting conditions.We believe, that the choice of materials defines the quality of the inner environment.

 © Martin Cenek, Team CTU

C.CTU小组Martin Cenek

块状木材

Massive Wood

空气室完全由木材制成，不仅是承重结构，而且还包括隔热、立面、涂饰和家具。我们使用一个创新的大型建筑系统-所谓的交叉层合木材(CLT)由Stora Enso制造。CLT中的木材来自可持续生长的森林，并与无毒的胶层。这些面板足够坚固，可用于地震或飓风多发地区。由Dřevostavby Biskup完成的计算机数控(CNC)切削过程允许精确地切割面板并满足非常紧的公差。由于面板是实心的，所以几乎没有气流通过系统的潜力。组合式家具单元由CLT面板组成，同时也是房屋的建筑构件，作为结构和储存的要素。在室内，他们是可见的，并创造了一个愉快的，温暖的生活气候。

The AIR HOUSE is made entirely of wood, not only the load‐bearing structure, but also the thermal insulation, facade, finishing and furniture. We use an innovative massive building system ‐ a so called Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) made by Stora Enso. The wood in the CLT is from sustainably grown forests, and is laminated with nontoxic glues. The panels are strong enough to be used in earthquake or hurricane prone areas. The computer numerically controlled (CNC) cutting process done by Dřevostavby Biskup allows the panels to be cut precisely and meet very tight tolerances. Because the panels are solid, there is little potential for airflow through the system. Modular furniture units made of CLT panels, at the same time construction components of the house, function as elements of structure and storage. In the interior, they are visible, and create a pleasant, warm living climate.

透气结构

Vapor Permeable Construction

由于扩散开放的结构，空气室可以呼吸。外力承重结构由巨大的CLT板构成，并配有保温板.夹层板的内部由Steico木纤维隔热材料组成，用OSB板屏蔽，外部用DHF纤维板覆盖。内部CLT面板和OSB板作为一个所谓的蒸汽缓凝剂，不限制蒸汽进入建筑，只限制其数量。数百年来，扩散式建筑一直以单层石材、砖块、粘土或块状木结构的形式出现。

Due to a diffusion-open structure, AIR House can breathe. The exterior weight-bearing structure made of massive CLT panels is equipped with thermal insulation panels. The interior side of the sandwich panel made of Steico wood fiber thermal insulation is shielded with an OSB board, the exterior side is covered by a DHF fiberboard. The interior CLT panel along with the OSB board function as a so-called vapor retarder not inhibiting vapor admission into the construction, only limiting its amount. Diffusion-open constructions are being used for hundreds of years in the form of monolayer stone, brick, clay or massive wood constructions.

辐射冷却和加热

Radiant Cooling and Heating

一次系统的空气室低温加热和高温冷却是由辐射冷却天花板REHAU。板材的石膏板与内磨口袋和嵌入的PVC管是基础.冷却性能可达75W/m2。从热舒适的角度来看，低气流旋转室内的灰尘和微生物最少，是一种优势。与常规加热相比，室温更稳定，使其在不影响居民热舒适性的情况下降低了1-2°C。这种效果使我们能够节省大量的能源。

The primary system of the AIR House low-temperature heating and high-temperature cooling is provided by radiant chilled ceiling panels REHAU. Sheets of plasterboard panels with in-milled pockets and embedded PVC pipes are the basis. The cooling performance is up to 75 W/m2. From the heat comfort point of view, low air flow whirling a minimum of dust and microorganisms in the room, is an advantage. Compared to conventional heating, the room temperature is steadier which enables its decreasing by 1 – 2°C without affecting heat comfort of the inhabitants. This effect enables us to save a considerable amount of energy.

健康照明

Healthy Lighting

制造商声称，与标准灯泡相比，LED照明节省了85%的能源，寿命延长了35倍。在空中，LED光源是理想的，在外部，他们是专门使用。在室内，我们只在一些地方使用LED照明，并给予适当考虑(厨房柜台、浴室的间接照明、起居室的整体照明)，并以本地灯泡照明作为补充。为什么？人类有机体以某种自然的昼夜节律运作(在拉丁语中，大致是每日)。它是由所谓的内部生物钟操作的.在自然环境中，它最重要的同步器是有规律的光和黑暗的变化。在以人工照明为主的环境中，光源的颜色光谱至关重要。蓝光，对于LED来说是很典型的，它能刺激人们的活动。相反，在晚上，全光谱灯泡照明是可取的，它支持生产褪黑素，睡眠和身体再生的激素。

Manufacturers claim that, compared to a standard light bulb, LED lighting saves 85% of energy and their life span is 35 times longer. In the AIR House, LED light sources are ideal and in the exterior, they are used exclusively. In the interior, we use LED lighting only in some places and with due consideration (the kitchen counter, indirect lighting in the bathroom, overall lighting of the living area) and we supplement it with local bulb lighting. Why? The human organism functions in a certain natural – circadian rhythm (in Latin circa - roughly, diem – day). It is operated by the so-called inner biological clock. In a natural environment, its most important synchronizer is a regular variation of light and darkness. In an environment with mostly artificial lighting, the color spectrum of the light source is crucial. The blue light, so typical for LED, stimulates activity. On the contrary, in the evening, full-spectrum bulb lighting is advisable; it endorses production of melatonin, the hormone of sleep and physical regeneration.

 © Martin Cenek, Team CTU

C.CTU小组Martin Cenek

Smart Control

在机房中，测控控制系统(MAR)与KNX智能家居安装相结合，为PC机和移动设备建立了一个具有统一网络控制的通信系统。该系统的智能在于它对住宅居民的需求和外部天气状况的及时反应。

In the AIR House, the measurement and regulation control system (MaR) in combination with the KNX smart home installation creates a communicating system with a unified web control for PC and mobile equipment. The intelligence of the system lies in its timely reaction to the needs of the house inhabitants and the outside weather conditions.

Control System

测量和调节系统(MAR)以一种尽可能有效的方式提供对所有住宅技术、室内气候调节和新鲜空气供应的监测。室内气候质量取决于热回收通风单元与辐射板之间相互作用的精确控制。

The measurement and regulation system (MaR) provides monitoring of all the house technologies, interior climate regulation and fresh air supply in a power mode as effective as possible. The interior climate quality is dependent on a precise control of interaction between the heat recovery ventilation unit and the radiant panels.

智能家居安装

Smart Home Installation

智能家居安装(KNX)提供室内和外部的光舒适，通过调暗LED光源，反应太阳的光强度。智能控制还可用于主题照明场景的设置和操作。

The smart home installation (KNX) provides interior and exterior light comfort via dimming LED light sources that react to the Sun light intensity. The intelligent control can also be used to set and operate thematic lighting scenes.

加热和冷却

Heating and Cooling

辐射加热和冷却系统由Sauter公司提供的自动AS 525单元控制。该单位测量温度，湿度，流量和其他物理值。伺服调节阀门中的水混合，控制泵、排气器和襟翼的运行。此外，它还监测和优化建筑物的所有技术设备，包括加热和冷却技术、空调和用水。

The radiant heating and cooling system is controlled by an automatic AS525 unit provided by the SAUTER company. The unit measures temperatures, humidity, flowage and other physical values. A servo regulates water mixing in the valves, controls operation of pumps, exhausters and flaps. Furthermore, it monitors and optimizes all technical equipment of the building concerning heating and cooling technology, air-conditioning, and water utilization.

更多关于空军基地的信息可以在该团队的官方网站上找到。

More information on the AIR House can be found on the team’s official website.