© Pilar Undurraga

.Pilar Undurraga

“在我们大陆内，仍然有真正的美国人民。他们是那些几千年来居住在这块大陆、征服了丛林、沙漠、无尽的海滩和深不可测的高山的人的最后代表。在争取这些人生存的斗争中，他们了解了他们居住的各个领土、他们的气候、动植物群。一些驯化的植物和动物发展复杂的农业和畜牧经济，有时达到类似国家的组织。另一些人，他们居住的土地更孤立，对土地的需求可能更少，他们长期以狩猎和采集为基础维持经济。

"Within our continent, there are still truly American peoples. They are the last representatives of those men who, through millennia, inhabited this continent, conquered jungles, deserts, endless beaches and unfathomable heights of the mountains. In the struggle for survival of these men, they developed an understanding of the various territories they inhabited, their climate, flora and fauna. Some domesticated plants and animals developing complex agricultural and pastoral economies, which sometimes reached state-like organizations. Others, more isolated and perhaps less demanded by the land they inhabited, long maintained its economies based on hunting and gathering.

 Axonométrica Cortada

Axonométrica Cortada

欧洲的入侵是如此强烈，影响如此之大，在不到一个世纪的时间里，它彻底改变了这个大陆的种族面貌。今天，真正的美国人是美国国家的少数民族。一般的混血社会都采用了西方和基督教的文化形式。总的来说，由于利益冲突，这些少数民族在更大的社会中很难共存。因此，这些社会已被转移到发育不良的地方，通常占领质量差或价值低下的土地，带来经济和健康问题，更糟糕的是，文化严重衰落，因为它们被强加于与其传统制度不同的价值观​​和其他人的生活方式。“[1]。

The European invasion was so strong and had such drastic effects, that in less than a century it had completely changed the ethnic face of this continent. Today, true Americans are minorities in American countries. The generally mestizo society has adopted Western and Christian cultural forms. In general, the coexistence of these ethnic minorities within the larger society is difficult, to say the least, due to conflicts of interests. So these societies have been displaced to stunted locations, usually occupying lands of poor quality or poor value, with economic and health problems, and even worse, a serious cultural decline because they are imposed values ​​and lifestyles of others, alien to their traditional systems." [1]

他们移民到这个城市寻找更好的机会，一直对他们怀有敌意。这是因为这个城市，特别是大城市，在被迫向全球化的世界过渡的过程中，忽视了当地的文化，而在那里，土著人民首当其冲地承受着他们的衰落。

The city, into which they have migrated in search of better opportunities, has been hostile to them. This is because the city, particularly the mega-city, in the forced transition to a globalized world, has disregarded the local cultures, and it is there where the native peoples have borne the brunt of their decline.

 Courtesy of Undurraga Devés Arquitectos

Undurraga Devés ArquArchtos提供

作为一个社会，我们面临的挑战是使全球化给人类带来进步的各个方面与我们之前的各种文化的价值观-​​-协调起来，而这些价值观现在正努力保持其特性。在这一困难的背景下，列入了下文所述的项目。

The challenge we have as a society is to reconcile those aspects in which globalization has brought progress for humanity with the values ​​of the cultures that preceded us and that now struggle to keep their identity alive. Within this difficult context is inscribed the project described below.

这是圣地亚哥北郊Huechuraba一个马普切社区的25个社会住房项目。该项目属于由415个传统社会住房组成的较大范围。这是住房和城市发展部与地方市政当局和私营社会管理组织“智利屋顶”合作发起的“住房团结基金”住房政策的一部分。此外，在马普切家的具体情况下，还得到了国家土著发展公司的合作。

This is a project for 25 social dwellings for a Mapuche community in Huechuraba, on the northern outskirts of the city of Santiago. The project falls within a larger set consisting of 415 traditional social dwellings. These are part of the "Housing Solidarity Fund" housing policy, launched by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development in collaboration with the local municipality and the private social management organization "A Roof for Chile". In addition, in the specific case of the Mapuche homes, there was the cooperation of the National Indigenous Development Corporation.

这一倡议产生于一个小马普切人社区，他们愿意参与现代社会，但不希望这导致他们祖先的传统和信仰受到损害。

This initiative arose from a small Mapuche community who were willing to participate in modern society, but didn't want this to lead to an impairment of their ancestral traditions and beliefs.

 Front Elevation

马普切语在西班牙语中的意思是“地球上的人”。他们最初居住在这个国家的中南部，那里与自然和谐相处，主要发展农业。与哥伦比亚前的其他文化，如安第斯山脉中北部或中美洲的文化不同，马普切人并不是传统意义上的建设者。他们的神圣空间不是寺庙，而是山脉、森林和河流.他们的庇护所是红色的，在许多情况下仍然是由树枝和树干的轻型结构构成的短暂空间。这些，混入景观，随着时间的推移而退化，回到伴随着时间的循环性质的土地上。这足以理解使马普切文化适应当代城市现实的努力.

Mapuche in Spanish means "man of the earth." They originally inhabited the central-south of the country where, in a harmonious relationship with nature, developed mainly agriculture. Unlike other pre-Columbian cultures such as those of the north-central Andes or Meso-America, the Mapuche have not been builders in a traditional sense. Their sacred spaces were not temples, but the mountains, forests and rivers... Their shelters were the rukas, and in many cases still remain transient spaces formed by light structures of branches and tree trunks. These, blended into the landscape, degrade over time to return to the land accompanying the circular nature of time. This is sufficient to understand the effort of adapting the Mapuche culture to contemporary urban reality...

该项目的设计是社区、建筑师和赞助机构共同参与的结果。在这些对话中，我们学习了他们的历史、传统和世界观：Az Mapu。其中载有在马普切人与有形和无形世界之间建立关系的原则：领土、政治、社会、文化和宗教。

The design of this project was the result of participatory work between the community, the architects, and the sponsoring institutions. In these dialogues, which took place in a ruka, we were taught their history, traditions and worldview: the Az Mapu. In it are contained the principles that establish relations between the Mapuche and the visible and invisible world: territorial, political, social, cultural and religious.

 Courtesy of Undurraga Devés Arquitectos

Undurraga Devés ArquArchtos提供

Huechuraba，一个Mapuche的名字，意思是粘土的出生地，是项目所在的市政当局。它位于圣地亚哥的北郊，它的城市起源可以追溯到上世纪60年代初出现在​​地区的第一个非正式营地。一项长期持续的有效卫生政策导致了一个仍然岌岌可危的城市，那里对住房的土地需求没有城市空间。但是，即使在杂乱无章的房屋结构中，圣地亚哥特色的山丘地理也被强加在不超过两层楼高的锡屋顶挂毯上。在那里，在这些山脚，我们找到了这25个家，这样他们就能尽可能接近大自然。

Huechuraba, a Mapuche name meaning the place where clay is born, is the municipality where the project is located. It is on the northern outskirts of Santiago, and its urban origins go back to the first informal camps in that area of ​​the city that emerged in the early '60s. An effective sanitation policy, sustained over time, has led to a still precarious city where the need for land for housing leaves no urban space. But even in the variegated fabric of houses, the geography of hills so characteristic of Santiago, is imposed on the tapestry of tin roofs that do not exceed two stories high. There, at the foot of these hills, we locate these 25 homes so that they could be as close as possible to nature.

由于这是一个社会项目，受益于住房和城市发展部提供的补贴，因此设计必须遵守该机构在这类住房中所要求的一套严格的规则。该手册侧重于宜居性的技术方面，没有考虑到马普切社区所要求的特点和文化方面。

As this is a social project that benefited from the subsidy granted by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, the design had to necessarily adhere to a strict set of rules that the institution requires in such homes. The manual, focusing on technical aspects of habitability, did not consider the peculiarities and cultural aspects that the Mapuche community demanded.

 Emplazamiento

Emplazamiento

这些房屋连续地集中在水平上，从而使主立面的长度朝东。这项规定是根据祖传的传统，向朝阳打开房子的前门，是社区的主要要求。在房屋和山丘之间，我们设计了一个公共空间，类似于传统的城市空间。从那里可以进入住房。该项目的持续建造并不排除每栋房子的个别表现，与景观中孤立的鲁卡斯相呼应。

The houses are grouped continuously on a horizontal level, thereby allowing the length of the main facade to face east. This provision, required by the ancestral tradition of opening the front door of the house toward the rising sun, was the primary requirement from the community. Between the houses and the hill we designed a common space, similar to traditional urban space. From there is the access to the housing. The continuous construction of the project did not exclude the individual expression of each house, echoing the rukas isolated in the landscape.

作为一种施工技术，采用了砖混混凝土框架的手工传统，表达了工程外观与结构性质的对应关系。由浸渍的松木制成的对角线，是主立面和后立面的特征，是在地震发生时支撑侧壁的结构元素。这些正面的墙壁和窗户上覆盖着“ca ada de coligüe”的双层皮肤。杆子之间的最小距离允许光线在内部过滤，同时也显示了启发这个项目的传统。

As a construction technique, the artisanal tradition of brick and reinforced concrete frame was used, expressing the correspondence between appearance and structural nature of the project. The diagonal made of impregnated pine wood that characterizes the main and rear facades is a structural element that braces the side walls in case of an earthquake. A double skin of "cañada de coligüe" covers the wall and windows of these facades. The minimum distance between the rods allows the passage of light filtered inside, while at the same time displaying the tradition that inspired the project.

 First Level Floor Plan

一楼图则

这座61平方米的住宅分为两层。里面的程序很简单：起居室和厨房在底层。后者比类似的社会住房要大，因为它认为在马普切传统中“火”(厨房)的重要性。楼上有两间卧室和一间浴室。内部作为一个裸露的可居住的建筑给予居民，允许每个家庭根据他们的手段和口味建造装修。尽管有传统的方案和会议室(部长条例的产物)的中立性，但室内昏暗零散的光线让我们想起了一种气氛，它让我们想起了红宝石的黑暗，将它们与城市外面发生的事情隔开了。这一战略还明确界定了内部和外部，反对马普切传统中的世界，与现代传统不同，在现代传统中，室内和景观是不断整合的。

The 61 square meter home is divided into two floors. Inside, the program is simple: the living area and kitchen are on the ground floor. The latter is larger than in similar social housing, as it considers the importance of "fire" (kitchen) in Mapuche tradition. Upstairs there are two bedrooms and one bathroom. The interior was given to the residents as a bare inhabitable structure, allowing each family to build finishes according to their means and taste. Notwithstanding the conventional program and the neutrality of the rooms (product of ministerial regulations), the dim and fragmented light inside evokes an atmosphere that reminds us of the darkness of the rukas, separating them from what happens outside in the city. This strategy also defined crisply the interior and exterior, opposed worlds in the Mapuche tradition, different from the modern tradition where interior and landscape are continuously integr

 © Pilar Undurraga

.Pilar Undurraga

他的室内作为一个裸露的可居住的建筑给予居民，允许每个家庭根据他们的方式和口味建造装修。

he interior was given to the residents as a bare inhabitable structure, allowing each family to build finishes according to their means and taste. 

我们的任务，而不是建筑师的任务，是在马普切人的梦想和可能的现实之间架起一座桥梁.我们所走的道路必然会导致两种文化的融合.那就是我们美国的历史.。

Our task, rather than that of architects, was to build a bridge between the Mapuche dreams and possible reality... The path we took would necessarily lead us to the mixing of two cultures ... That is, the history of our America ...

克里斯蒂安·恩杜拉加。

  Cristian Undurraga.

 © Guy Wenborne

盖伊·温伯恩

[1]卡洛斯·阿尔杜纳特·德尔太阳报。“Cultura Mapuche.Serie爱国者文化奇莱诺.Colección culturas aborígene.”导言，第9页。爱德。教育部长，1986年。

[1] [1]Carlos Aldunate del Solar. "Cultura Mapuche. Serie Patrimonio Cultural Chileno. Colección culturas aborígenes." Introduction, page 9. Ed. Ministerio de educación, 1986.

Architects Undurraga Devés Arquitectos

Location La Pincoya, Huechuraba, Santiago, Region Metropolitana, Chile

Category Social Housing

Arquitecto a Cargo Cristián Undurraga

Equipo de Proyecto Raimundo Salgado Salas

Project Area 1537.0 m2

Project Year 2011

Photography Guy Wenborne, Courtesy of Undurraga Devés Arquitectos, Pilar Undurraga