© Flickr user Jason Pratt

c Flickr用户Jason Pratt

在PPG工业公司(前身为匹兹堡平板玻璃公司)的委托下，总部占地5.5英亩，位于中央商业区，是钢铁工业消亡后城市复兴努力的一部分。

Commissioned by PPG Industries, formerly the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, the headquarters occupies a 5.5 acre site in the central business district and was part of an urban revitalization effort after the demise of the steel industry.

ppg Place由6卷组成：一个40层的塔楼，一个14层的卷，4个6层的建筑。低体积的组成代表了主塔的垂直性和较低的周围环境，然而所有的建筑在物质上都是围绕一个中心广场被整合和组织起来的。这些建筑包括办公空间、零售商店、餐馆和一个公众可进入的冬季花园。(鼓掌)

PPG Place is a cluster of 6 volumes: a 40 story tower, a 14 story volume, and four 6 story buildings. The composition of lower volumes negotiates the verticality of the main tower and the lower surrounding context, yet all buildings are materially integrated and organized around a central plaza. The buildings house office space, retail shops, restaurants, and a publicly accessible wintergarden.  

 Perspective view

菲利普·约翰逊(PhilipJohnson)，“同时也是美国建筑学的元老和可怕的孩子”(2)在他的职业生涯中是一位有影响力的教育家、批评家和建筑师。经常到欧洲去看重要的艺术品在他的孩子建立了早期的欣赏历史，这是特别有影响的设计，大约在PPG的地方。他在哈佛大学接受经典和建筑学教育，通过担任现代艺术馆建筑系的第一任馆长和他开创性的作品“玻璃屋”，在建筑界名列前茅。他是一位多产的20世纪建筑师，他的职业生涯和设计方法体现了他所选择的哲学口头禅“唯一不变的是变化”。(3)从一个坚定的现代主义者，到一个顽皮的后现代设计师，再到一个解构主义的形式制造者，约翰逊不断地重塑自己。他的专业实践改变了他的风格倾向；他在整个职业生涯中与其他几个建筑师建立了合作关系。

Philip Johnson, "at once the elder statesman and the enfant terrible of American architecture," (2) was an influential educator, critic and architect throughout the six decades of his career. Frequent trips to Europe to see important artworks during his child established an early appreciation for history, which was particularly influential on his designs around the time of PPG Place. Educated at Harvard in both classics and architecture, he rose to prominence in the architectural world through his position as the first director of The Museum of Modern Art's Department of Architecture and his seminal work The Glass House. A prolific 20th century architect, his career and design approach embodied his chosen philosophical mantra that “the only constant is change.” (3) From a staunch modernist, to a playful postmodern designer, to a deconstructivist form maker, Johnson continually reinvented himself. His professional practice changed as much his stylistic leanings; he entered partnerships with several other architects throughout his career.

约翰逊与约翰·伯吉的合作导致他的项目规模急剧增加。伯吉以前是芝加哥大公司C.F.Murphy Associates的合伙人，曾担任大公司客户的联络人。这一合作关系导致了许多著名的塔楼建筑群，如水晶大教堂、休斯敦的彭索瓦广场和欧罗巴普埃塔(Puerta De Europa)。

Johnson’s partnership with John Burgee led to a dramatic increase in the scale of his projects. Burgee, who was previously a partner in the large Chicago firm C.F. Murphy Associates, acted as the liaison to larger corporate clients. The partnership led to a number of notable tower complexes such as The Crystal Cathedral, Penzoil Place in Houston, and the Puerta de Europa.

这些作品挑战了主流的建筑思想，摒弃了现代主义对完全抽象的强调、社会议程的必要性以及对经济和功能的关注，对伯吉和约翰逊来说，建筑是一种感性的体验，既可以是雕塑性的，也可以是可借鉴的。

These works challenged prevailing thoughts on architecture, rejecting modernism’s emphasis on complete abstraction, the necessity of a social agenda and the focus on economy and function.  To Burgee and Johnson,  architecture was a perceptual experience and could be sculptural as well as referential.

在回答关于历史参考文献的选择的问题时，约翰逊回答说：“它真的是从墙壁的发展和墙壁的清晰度开始的，我并不奇怪它变成了哥特式的。我不认为我们坐下来看哥特式的。”(4)哥特式形象的公开表现是由尖顶和尖顶构成的，在有蜂巢的幕墙上。虽然这座塔与伦敦议会大厦维多利亚大厦(Victoria Tower)相似，但建筑师们引用了更多当地的先例，比如匹兹堡大学校园和H·理查森(H.Richardson)的罗马式法院。虽然哥特式的摩天大楼，如伍尔沃思大厦，作为先驱，ppg的地方是第一个完全用玻璃建造这样的建筑。

In response to queries regarding the choice of historical references, Johnson replied "It really started with the development of the wall and the articulation of the wall, and I'm not surprised it turned out Gothic. I don't think we sat down to look at Gothic." (4) Overtly Gothic imagery manifests as a crown of spires and pinnacles atop the crenellated curtain wall. While the tower bears a resemblance to Victoria Tower at the House of Parliament in London, the architects cited more local precedents such as the University of Pittsburgh campus and H.H. Richardson’s Romanesque courthouse. While Gothic-inspired skyscrapers such as the Woolworth Building stand as precursors, PPG Place was the first to construct such a building entirely out of glass.

 © Flickr user Paul Provencher

c Flickr用户Paul Provenche

由于PPG工业公司生产建筑玻璃，玻璃幕墙系统成为开窗设计的自然选择，也是设计中最创新的方面。使用近100万平方英尺的PPG Solarban 550反光玻璃和175独特的挤压，约翰逊和伯吉探索了现象学性质的釉面。他们没有利用玻璃固有的半透明性，而是研究了镜子玻璃的雕塑性质。通过反复折皱每个平面，立面从不同的角度同时反射周围的光线，并在相邻的面之间动态地反射颜色和图像。紧密间隔的桥墩在平面上支持在方形和菱形之间交替的海湾。

Because PPG Industries manufactures architectural glass, a glazed curtain wall system became a natural choice for the fenestration and the most innovative aspect of the design. Using almost one million square feet of PPG Solarban 550 reflective glass and 175 unique extrusions, Johnson and Burgee explored the phenomenological qualities of glazed facades. Instead of exploiting the inherent translucency of glass, they investigated the sculptural nature of mirrored glass. By repeatedly pleating the each plane, the façade simultaneously reflects ambient light from various angles and dynamically bounces color and image between adjacent facets. Closely spaced piers support bays that alternate between square and diamond shape in plan. 

 Curtain wall detail

幕墙细节

由此产生的暗条纹和光纹交替的汞表面既有空灵的，也有巨大的。银色铝与玻璃形成对比，给出了类似于线框画线的清晰度。在建筑物的底部，尖尖的拱门定义入口处。

The resultant mercurial surface of alternating dark and light striations is both ethereal and monumental. Silver colored aluminum mullions contrast with the glazing,  giving definition to the articulations akin to a lines of a wireframe drawing. At the base of the building, pointed archways define entrances.

 © Flickr user Matt Gardner

Flickr用户马特·加德纳

外部使用三种玻璃：在办公室地板上涂上反光层的双层玻璃；在水平和机械区域之间用玻璃纤维支撑的斜面玻璃；在冬季花园和店面使用透明的双层玻璃。内部大厅空间采用红色玻璃墙板。

Three types of glass are used on the exterior: double-glazed vision glass with reflective coating at office floors, spandrel glass backed with fiberglass between levels and at mechanical areas, and clear, double-glazed units at the wintergarden and storefronts.  An interior lobby space features red glass wall panels.

 Wintergarden. Image © Highwoods Properties 2014

冬季花园。图片(2014年)

 Lobby. Image © Highwoods Properties 2014

大厅。图片(2014年)

钢柱和钢筋混凝土板一次架设四层，随后安装幕墙。PPG的商业建筑集团安装了幕墙。由于制造商、制造者和安装人员是相同的，因此对质量控制进行了优化，此外，玻璃的反射和热特性使PPG原总部的能源消耗减少了三分之二。数字建模和物理模拟都被用来解决审美问题和复杂的细节。

Steel columns and reinforced concrete slabs were erected four stories at a time,  with the curtain wall installation following. PPG’s commercial construction group installed the curtain wall. Since the manufacturer, fabricator and installer were the same, quality control was optimized.  Additionally, the reflective and thermal attributes of the glass resulted in a two thirds reduction in energy use from PPG's former headquarters. Both digital modeling and physical mock-ups were used to resolve aesthetic issues and the complex mullion details.

 via Wikipedia Commons

通过维基百科共用

建筑物留下的负空间构成了一个用各种颜色的花岗岩铺成的宽敞的广场。粉红的花岗岩方尖碑突出了广场的形式。阿尔卡迪斯位于广场的外围，是商店和餐馆的所在地。冬季花园位于主塔的西侧。

The negative space left by the buildings defines an ample plaza paved with various colors of granite. A pink granite obelisk accentuates the formality of the plaza.  Arcades line the perimeter of the plaza and are home to shops and restaurants.  The wintergarden is located at grade to the west of the main tower. 

 Terrace and ground level plan

露台和地面平面图

虽然这些项目是最初旨在搞活街道的尝试的一部分，但广场却因朴素、缺乏生活而受到批评，这反过来又损害了邻近零售空间的表现。2003年，SWA集团推出了冬季使用的溜冰场和方尖碑周围的喷泉，以供更温暖的月份使用。可移动的家具和景观元素增加了人的规模。

While these programs were part of the original attempt to enliven the street level, the plaza was criticized for being austere and devoid of life, which in turn hurt the performance of adjacent retail spaces.  A renovation in 2003 by SWA group introduced a skating rink used during the winter and a fountain around the obelisk for warmer months.  Movable furniture and landscape elements add human scale.

 © SWA Group

c.SWA集团

有关更多信息，请访问官方网站并查看PPG广场的实时网络摄像头。

For more information, see the official site and view the live webcam of PPG Plaza.

(1)PPG Place网站

(1) PPG Place website 

(2)戈德伯格，保罗，“菲利普·约翰逊，建筑的永无止境的智慧，死于98”，“纽约时报”，2005年1月27日

(2) Goldberger, Paul, "Philip Johnson, Architecture's Restless Intellect, Dies at 98" The New York Times, January 27, 2005

(3)属于Heraclitus

(3) Attributed to Heraclitus

(4)Boles，Daralice Donkervoet，“转向Stone。”进步建筑，1984年V65 No2，第78页

(4) Boles, Daralice Donkervoet, "Turned to Stone." Progressive Architecture, 1984 v65 no2, pg 78

Rastorfer，Darl幕墙上的倒影：宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡的Pppg Place“建筑记录”，1984年10月，v.172，No.12，p.192-199

Rastorfer, Darl. “Reflections on a curtain wall: PPG Place, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.” Architectural Record, 1984 Oct., v.172, no.12, p.192-199

休斯顿，劳伦斯O.“PPG的人烟稀少的地方：匹兹堡的伯吉/约翰逊办公大楼在街道上没有生气。”建筑：AIA杂志，1989年12月，第78卷，第12期，第60-63页，

Houston, Lawrence O. “PPG's unpopulated places: Burgee/Johnson's office complex in Pittsburgh isn't alive at the street level.” Architecture: the AIA Journal, 1989 Dec., v.78, no.12, p.60-63,

米勒诺里约翰逊/伯吉：建筑。纽约：随机屋，1979年。

Miller, Nory. Johnson/Burgee: Architecture. New York: Random House, 1979.

福克斯斯蒂芬。菲利普·约翰逊的建筑。波士顿：Bulfinch出版社，2002年

Fox, Stephen. The architecture of Philip Johnson. Boston: Bulfinch Press, 2002