当今绝大多数的建筑实践都是以服务行业为基础的，在那里，付费客户委托一家公司提供一定范围的服务。自卑玩世不恭的大师菲利普约翰逊挖苦地接受了这种结构，称建筑师为“高级妓女”。最近，人们对传统上服务不足的社区的设计产生了浓厚的兴趣，这些团体包括“人性化建筑”、“大众设计”、“H项目”和“公共建筑”。Prizker奖评审团承认Shigeru潘基文的人道主义设计，强调高设计和社会意识的实践并不是相互排斥的。

The vast majority of contemporary architectural practice today is service industry based, where a fee-paying client commissions a firm for a defined scope of services. Master of self-effacing cynicism Philip Johnson wryly accepted this structure, calling architects “high-class whores.” The recent surge of interest in designing for traditionally underserved communities, from groups such as Architecture for Humanity, MASS Design, Project H and Public Architecture challenges the traditional firm model. The Prizker Prize jury’s recognition of Shigeru Ban’s humanitarian designs highlights that high design and a socially conscious practice are not mutually exclusive.

相信建筑可以减轻社会弊病，提高所有人的生活质量，这不是一个新概念。20世纪20年代和20世纪60年代-70年代，两个时代把社会议程带到了讨论的最前沿。事后看来，每一个缺点都会暴露出来。现代主义对公共住房和城市重建的乌托邦式愿景被归咎于二战后城市住房项目的不利影响；上世纪六、七十年代的参与式设计因以共识的名义放弃专业知识而受到批评，结束时的项目也不亚于现状。尽管如此，从那些强调建筑的社会和人道主义作用的人身上可以吸取教训。

Believing that architecture can alleviate societal ills and improve the quality of life for all people is not a new concept. Two eras, the 1920s and 1960s-70s, brought a social agenda to the forefront of the discourse. Hindsight reveals flaws of each. Modernism’s utopian visions for public housing and urban renewal are blamed for the detrimental impact of Post-WWII urban housing projects; participatory design in the 1960s and 70s is criticized for ceding expertise in the name of consensus, ending with projects that were no better than the status quo. Despite this, there are lessons to be learned from those who emphasized the social and humanitarian role of architecture.

1.Giancarlo de Carlo/1960年代/参与和进程

1. Giancarlo de Carlo / 1960s / Participation and Process

 © Matteo Brancali

马泰奥·布兰卡利

“当代建筑必须尽一切可能使建筑越来越少地代表其设计者，而更多地代表其使用者。”

“Contemporary architecture must do everything possible to make architecture less and less the the representation of its designers and more and more the representation of its users.” – Giancarlo de Carlo, Melbourne, 1971

作为X团队的创始成员之一，Giancarlo de Carlo在20世纪初对现代建筑的无位置、盲目的分区和重复性进行了猛烈的批评。对于de Carlo来说，体系结构与政治有着内在的联系，在“社区架构”成为一个流行概念之前很久就要求用户参与其中。他的演讲和题为“建筑的公众”的文章，连同他的长期期刊Spazio e Società(空间与社会)，向同代人和后代传播了他的观点。

As one of the founding members of Team X, Giancarlo de Carlo was a fierce critic of the placelessness, mindless zoning and repetitiveness of Modern architecture at the beginning of the twentieth century. For De Carlo, architecture was inherently linked to politics and required the inclusion of the user in the process – long before “community architecture” was a popular concept. His lecture and article entitled “Architecture's Public,” along with his long running journal Spazio e Società (Space and Society), disseminated his views to contemporaries and future generations.

1969年，德卡洛受托为维拉吉奥·马泰奥蒂(VillaggioMatteotti)一家钢铁公司的工人设计社会住房。de Carlo坚持要求钢铁工人参与Villaggio Matteotti的设计过程；在工作日期间举行了会议，管理人员不允许参加。工人们得到了补偿。

When De Carlo was commissioned in 1969 to design social housing for workers of a steel company at Villaggio Matteotti, he seized the opportunity to enact his inclusive approach to architectural practice. De Carlo insisted that steel workers be engaged in the design process for Villaggio Matteotti; meetings were held during the workday and members of management were not allowed to attend. Workers were compensated for their time.

直线步行街和露台组成了房屋的带状地带。五种基本单元类型组合在不同的组合中，为外部空间和隐私提供了挫折和突出。总体组成不是提前决定的，而是在项目过程中出现的。

Linear pedestrian paths and terraces organize bands of housing. Five basic unit types aggregate in varied compositions, providing setbacks and overhangs for exterior space and privacy. The overall composition was not decided ahead of time, but emerged over the course of the project.

另一个项目，意大利里米尼镇的规划工作，促进了他对参与的承诺。每两周的市民都被邀请分享他们对这个城市的关注。一个关键的原则是在历史中心引入轻轨系统，以消除汽车。此外，他还为穷人提出了一种“自建”的设想，但这种设想从未实现，未来的居民将参与建设。

Another project, planning work for the Italian town of Rimini, furthered his commitment to participation. Each fortnight citizens were invited to share their concerns about the city. A key tenet was the introduction of a light rail system in the historic center that would eliminate cars. Additionally, he proposed a “self-build” scenario for the poor that was never realized, where future inhabitants were to take part in the construction.

2.Nader Khalili/1960年代/作为创新催化剂的资源限制

2. Nader Khalili / 1960s / Resource Constraints as a Catalyst for Innovation

 via webster.edu

通过webster.edu

无论是伊朗的偏远地区还是月球，纳德·哈利利(Nader Khalili)都相信，在极其有限的环境中为人们提供住房的关键就在他们的下面。哈利利是一名伊朗裔美国教育家、建筑师和作家，他开发了土质建筑系统，可以在紧急情况下使用，也可以由家庭建造自己的住所。

Whether it be a remote villiage in Iran or the moon, Nader Khalili belived the key to housing people in extremely resource-limited environments lay just beneath them.  An Iranian-American educator, architect, and author, Khalili developed earthen construction systems that can be deployed in emergencies or by families to build their own shelters. 

哈利利开发了两个系统(Suberadobe和陶瓷屋)，利用地球作为建筑材料的普遍存在性、热质量和可持续性。两者都包括一个可以适应当地资源和气候，甚至外星环境的过程。对于超级土坯结构，长管状袋填充土和稳定器(沥青、石灰或水泥)，然后盘绕形成一个或一个由刚毛制成的圆顶。层与带刺铁丝连接，提供抗震能力，如果结构是永久性的，则将其抹灰。陶瓷屋系统涉及烧土混合物，从而提高耐用性和耐水能力。

Khalili developed two systems (Suberadobe and Ceramic Houses) that exploit the ubiquitous prescence, thermal mass, and sustainability of earth as a building material. Both consist of a process that can be adapted to local resources and climate or even extraterrestrial settings. For Superadobe structures, long tubular bags are filled with earth and a stabilizer (asphalt, lime, or cement) and then coiled to create one or an aggregation of corbelled domes.  Layers are joined with barbed wire, which provides seismic resistance, and plastered over if the structure is intended to be permanent. The Ceramic House system involves firing an earth mixture, leading to increased durability and water resistance.

他建造的建筑项目包括计划在加州新Cuyama的5000人社区的原型住宅，在伊斯法罕的一个部分实现的社区，以及杜邦/Polyacryl的中东总部。哈利利从1983年到2008年在SCI-圆弧任教。

His built architectural projects include prototype homes for a planned community of 5,000 in New Cuyama, California, a partially realized community intended for 20,000 in Isfahan, and the Middle East headquarters of Dupont/Polyacryl. Khalili taught at SCI-Arc from 1983-2008.

3.耶鲁大学第一年建筑/1967年-现在/学生参与

3. Yale First Year Building / 1967-present / Student Engagement

 © Adam Hopfner, Yale School of Architecture

亚当·霍夫纳，耶鲁建筑学院

耶鲁大学的第一年建筑项目是第一个这样的项目，将建筑学学生参与设计和建造服务不足的社区的小型项目制度化。在当时，这在很大程度上是对传统建筑学校的一种前所未有的背离，它是以Beaux艺术学院为模式的。

Yale’s First Year Building Project was the first of its kind, institutionalizing the engagement of architecture students in the design and construction of small scale projects for underserved communities. At the time it was a largely unprecedented departure from the traditional architecture school modeled on the École des Beaux Arts.

该计划于1967年启动，将学生对设计建设项目的兴趣与60年代社会的不安联系起来，通过社会激进主义找到相关性。1964年，林登·约翰逊(LyndonJohnson)宣布了一场“无条件的反贫困战争”，“维斯塔(志愿人员为美国服务)”等项目的推出，将注意力集中在缓解美国内部问题上。

Connecting a student interest in design-build projects with the restlessness of sixties' society to find relevance through social activism, the program kicked off in 1967. In 1964 Lyndon Johnson had declared an “unconditional war on poverty,” and the launch of programs such as VISTA (Volunteers in Service to America) focused attention on alleviating the US’s internal problems.

包括社区中心、负担得起的住房和展馆在内的一系列项目在40多年来每年都得到建造。有些项目经久不衰，而另一些项目则在几年后被拆除。大量的宣传导致在其他大学创建了类似的项目，比如堪萨斯大学的804工作室和华盛顿大学的霍华德·赖特社区设计建筑/工作室。

A range of projects including community centers, affordable housing and pavilions have been constructed annually for more than forty years. Some projects endure while others were demolished after a few years. Ample publicity led to the creation of similar programs at other universities such as Studio 804 at the University of Kansas and the Howard S. Wright Neighborhood Design Build/Studio at the University of Washington. 

4.塞缪尔·莫克比和乡村工作室/1993-以社区为基础的设计、创新和授权

4. Samuel Mockbee and the Rural Studio / 1993-present / Community Based Design, Innovation and Empowerment

 Rural Studio - Glass Chapel - 2000. Image © Timothy Hursley

乡村工作室-玻璃礼拜堂-2000年。图片C.蒂莫西·赫斯利

“每个人，无论贫富，都应该得到灵魂的庇护，…建筑师应带头促成社会和环境变化“-塞缪尔·莫克比

“Everyone, rich or poor, deserves a shelter for the soul, … architects should lead in procuring social and environmental change”  - Samuel Mockbee

由塞缪尔“桑博”莫克比和D.K.露丝创办的乡村工作室项目为慈善事业带来了设计和物质创新。作为奥本大学建筑计划的一部分，学生们在阿拉巴马州黑尔县的住房和社区设施的设计和建设上进行了合作。

Founded by Samuel “Sambo” Mockbee and D.K. Ruth, Rural Studio projects bring design and material innovation to charitable works. As part of the Auburn University architecture program, students collaborate on the design and construction of housing and community facilities in Hale County, Alabama.

回收或回收材料是工作室的商标：72，000块多余的地毯砖用于家庭墙壁，磨损的轮胎用于教堂墙壁，玻璃屋顶是雪佛兰(Chevy)挡风玻璃。在许多项目中，当地的土话与现代设计毫不费力地结合在一起。

Salvages or recycled materials are the studio’s trademark: 72,000 surplus carpet tiles for walls of a home, worn out tires for chapel walls, a glazed roof of tiled Chevy windshields. In many projects, local vernacular melds effortlessly with contemporary design. 

这个项目在莫克比于2001年去世后继续进行。

The program continued on after Mockbee passed away in 2001.

在这里查看更多关于公共利益设计的内容，或者阅读经济崩溃后它的更大作用。

Check out more on public interest design here, or read about its heightened role after the economic meltdown.

这份清单还远远不够全面：谁是那些通过设计建筑环境来改善生活的先驱者呢？

This list is far from comprehensive: who are other early pioneers that improved lives through designing the built environment?

文献目录

Works Cited

(1)Paul Polak，设计为90%，第19页

(1) Paul Polak,  Design for the 90%, pg 19

1.http://www.spatialagency.net

1.  http://www.spatialagency.net

2.calEar.org

2. calearth.org

4.吉安卡洛·德·卡洛姆·本尼迪克特·祖奇，巴特沃斯建筑，牛津。一九九二年

4. Giancarlo De Carlom Benedict Zucchi.  Butterworth Architecture, Oxford. 1992

5.“耶鲁建筑工程：头40年”，耶鲁大学出版社，纽黑文和伦敦。2007年

5. Hayes, Richard W.  The Yale Building Project: The First 40 Years.  Yale University Press, New Haven and London. 2007

6.http://samuelmockbee.net/rural-studio

6. http://samuelmockbee.net/rural-studio/

7.http://www.ruralstudio.org

7. http://www.ruralstudio.org

项目0年度照片TimothyHursley，Matteo Brancali，Adam Hopfner，耶鲁大学建筑学院，Flickr用户Paul Needham，Cal-Earth，Flickr用户伦敦永久文化

Project Year 0 Photographs Timothy Hursley, Matteo Brancali, Adam Hopfner, Yale School of Architecture, Flickr user Paul Needham, Cal-Earth, Flickr User London Permaculture