© Helene Høyer Mikkelsen

(Helene H Yer Mikkelsen)

架构师提供的文本描述。免维护房屋(新材料)是一个大型开发项目的一部分：迷你二氧化碳住宅。该项目共涉及六栋独立房屋，每栋房屋都说明了在建造、使用和维护房屋时减少二氧化碳排放的各个方面。

Text description provided by the architects. The Maintenance-Free House (New Materials) is part of a large development project: The MiniCO2 Houses. The project involves a total of six detached houses, each of which illustrates various aspects of reducing CO2 emissions in the construction, use and maintenance of a house.

 © Jesper Ray

杰斯珀·雷

维护-免费住宅的重点是“维护和使用寿命”，并研究如果一所房子的使用寿命至少为150年，可以节省多少二氧化碳，而建筑外壳在使用寿命的头50年不需要维护。A房是用传统材料建造的，这证明了它们的使用寿命很长，而这里描述的B房是用新材料建造的，预计使用寿命很长。

The Maintenance-Free House focuses on “maintenance and service life” and examines how much CO2 can be saved when a house is built to have a service life of at least 150 years, and the building envelope needs no maintenance for the first 50 years of that service life. House A has been constructed using traditional materials, which have proved their long service life, and House B – described here – has been constructed using new materials, which are expected to have a long service life.

免维护B房是一座长房子，有一个有盖的东面入口，正好位于建筑物纵向一侧的中心和一个40度倾斜的屋顶上。房子的内部被设计成一个木制的“盒子”：一个大的连续的房间，有开放的横梁，并配备低的封闭的盒子。日光从四个天窗进入，从入口处进入，从端墙的全高窗户和门道进入，从大约一个地方进入。10米长的玻璃截面。

Maintenance-Free House B has been constructed as a long house with a covered east-facing entrance located exactly in the centre of the building’s longitudinal side and a 40-degree pitched roof. The interior of the house has been designed as a wooden “box”: one large continuous room with open beams and furnished with low closed boxes. Daylight enters through the four skylights, from the entrance area, from the full-height windows and doorways in the end walls, and from an approx. 10-meter long glass section.

免维护的B屋是用木头建造的，对于丹麦的气候来说，这也许是一个令人惊讶的选择，因为它的目标是延长使用寿命。但丹麦有许多非常古老的木结构，因为它们的长寿很大程度上归功于良好的通风。B房的木材结构是以确保所有方面，包括在房屋下面的持续通风的方式建立起来的，这是在一系列垫层基础上建立起来的。

The Maintenance-Free House B has been built of wood, perhaps a surprising choice for the Danish climate when the goal is a long service life. But Denmark has many very old wooden structures, owing much of their longevity to excellent ventilation. The timber structure of House B has been created in a manner which ensures continuous ventilation on all sides, including under the house, which has been raised on a series of pad foundations.

 © Jesper Ray

杰斯珀·雷

胶合板、玻璃和空气

Plywood, glass and air

该房屋的承重结构为木材：18个自支撑框架的粘结，高强度胶合板预制和组装在一个组件工厂和运输到现场。这里的目标是实现高精度，并避免任何可能造成的损害，因为一个典型的不准确的建筑工地。目的是维护低，使用寿命长。这一过程结合了建筑的外部和内部框架在一个单位，创造了一个完全开放的建筑，没有柱，梁或张力成员，确保房子充分的灵活性和一个长期的配置。这座房子安装了一个“玻璃盾牌”，围绕着屋顶和建筑的所有外墙，以保护其木质建筑免受风雨的侵袭。玻璃护罩是由回收玻璃制成的，原则上是不可摧毁的。防护罩是一个连续的表面，不被排气管破坏-通过避免接缝泄漏，再次确保延长使用寿命。所有的门窗都从门面上拉回来，位于深隐蔽的壁龛中，从而提供了有效的防护措施。这座房子是在地面上30厘米高的基础上建造的。这一装置保护房屋不受雨水影响，同时确保在建筑物及其玻璃外墙下，玻璃护罩与木制建筑之间的缝隙内，房屋四面八方都有良好的通风。在玻璃和木材之间的缝隙中产生的热量将被利用在一个延长的通风解决方案，与热空气节省大量的二氧化碳。

         The loadbearing structure of the house is of wood: 18 self-supporting frames of bonded, high-strength plywood prefabricated and assembled at a component factory and transported to the site. The goal here has been to achieve high precision and avoid any of the damage that can result from the typical inaccuracies of a construction site. The objective is low maintenance and a long service life. This process combines the building’s outer and inner frames in one unit , creating a completely open building without columns, beams or tension members, assuring the house full flexibility and a long-lasting configuration.          The house is fitted with a "glass shield", which wraps around the roof and all façades of the building, protecting its wooden construction against rain and wind. The glass shield is made of recycled glass and in principle is indestructible. The shield is one continuous surface, unbroken by vent pipes – again ensuring extended service life by avoiding leakage from joints.           All windows and doors are pulled back from the façade and located in deep sheltered niches, which provides effective protection against the elements.          The house is raised 30 cm above the ground and built on pad foundations. This device protects the house against rain and at the same time ensures that it is well ventilated on all sides, both under the building and up under its glass façade, in the gap between the glass shield and the wooden construction.          The heat that is generated in the gap bet

 © Jesper Ray

杰斯珀·雷

减少碳排放

Reducing carbon emissions

无维护屋B所用材料的碳排放量低于正常的平均房屋：参考房(3.5公斤二氧化碳/平方米/年，而50年为5千克二氧化碳/米/平方米)。这主要是由于木材的广泛使用，这对整体的二氧化碳节约做出了积极的贡献，但也归功于点基础，它使用的高含量二氧化碳混凝土比传统的参考屋条形地基要少。另一方面，这座房子由于使用玻璃而产生了很高的碳影响，部分原因是外墙上的钢化玻璃，部分原因是整个窗户面积大约。比标准房大50%。

Carbon emissions from the materials used in the Maintenance-Free House B are less than from a normal average house: the Reference House (3.5 kg CO2/m²/year compared with 5 kg CO2/m²/year for a 50-year period). This is due mainly to the extensive use of wood, which contributes positively to the overall CO2 saving, but also to the point foundations, which use less high-content CO2 concrete than the traditional strip foundations of the Reference House. On the other hand, the house has a high carbon impact from the use of glass, due in part to the tempered glass in the façade and partly to its total window area, which is approx. 50% greater than in a standard house.

 © Jesper Ray

杰斯珀·雷

在无维护屋B和参考房中，经过50年计算的替代材料约占房屋总碳排放量的0.5公斤。这可能会让观察者感到惊讶的是，低维护的节能效果并不比参照系差，但这是因为参考屋在这方面的位置相当好。它是用砖建造的，实际上是免费的，它的其他二氧化碳密集型建筑元素-如地基、玻璃和矿物羊毛绝缘-很少需要维修。同时，可能需要维修或更换的其他部件-门、窗、内表面等。-二氧化碳相对“轻”，因此对二氧化碳总量的计算影响不大。但也值得记住的是，对于房主来说，这些元素的低维护意味着较少的挫折感-以及工人和材料上的现金节省。

In both the Maintenance-Free House B and the Reference House, the replacement of materials calculated over 50 years accounts for about 0.5 kg of the total carbon emissions from the house. It may surprise the observer that the carbon-saving effect of low maintenance is not less than that of the Reference House – but this is because the Reference House is actually fairly well placed in this respect. It has been built from brick, which is virtually maintenance-free, and its other CO2-intensive building elements – such as foundations, glass and mineral-wool insulation – rarely require maintenance. At the same time, the other elements that may require maintenance or replacement – doors, windows, interior surfaces, etc. – are relatively "light" in terms of CO2 and therefore have only a modest effect on the total CO2 calculation. But it is also worth bearing in mind that for the owner of the house, low maintenance on these elements means less frustration – and cash savings on workmen and materials.

 © Jesper Ray

杰斯珀·雷

总之，研究结果表明，如果建筑和设计-如在维护-无B屋-中所做的那样-导致整个房屋的使用寿命延长，它们将在预期使用寿命范围内减少碳排放。尤其是如果这意味着不需要建造一个全新的房子。

All in all, the results show that if construction and design – as performed in the Maintenance-Free House B – lead to an extended service life for the house as a whole, they will reduce carbon emissions over the total expected service life. Especially if it means avoiding the need to build a completely new house.

迷你CO2房屋开发项目-免维护房屋-是丹麦中部沿海城镇Nyborg建造的六座示范住宅之一。其中五所房子研究了减少碳排放的各种方法；第六宫将这些经验结合在一起。

The MiniCO2 Houses development project The Maintenance-Free House is one of six demonstration homes built in the coastal town of Nyborg in central Denmark. Five of the houses examine various ways of reducing carbon emissions; the sixth house brings these experiences together.

 © Jesper Ray

杰斯珀·雷

多年来，建筑业减少二氧化碳排放的努力-并非没有理由-一直集中在供暖所需的能源上，因此也集中在气密性和绝缘方面。然而，随着国家和欧盟在这一领域的建筑要求越来越严格，研究该行业如何也能减少碳排放-例如在材料和用户行为方面-变得十分重要。

For many years, the efforts of the building industry to reduce CO2 emissions – not without reason – have focused on energy for heating and therefore also on airtightness and insulation. However, as national and EU building requirements become ever stricter in this area, it becomes relevant to examine how the industry can also reduce carbon emissions – for example, in terms of materials and of user behaviour.

因此，微型二氧化碳住宅开发项目的主要目标是减少房屋建造、运营和维护过程中的二氧化碳排放量。

The main objective of the MiniCO2 Houses development project is thus to reduce CO2 emissions in the construction, operation and maintenance of a house.

 © Jesper Ray

杰斯珀·雷

这六所议会的总体原则是相同的：

The six houses share the same overall principles:

·建筑类型：独户独立住宅

• Building type: Single-family detached home

面积：130至172平方米

• Size: 130 to 172 m²

能源准则：丹麦2015年标准

• Energy guidelines: Danish 2015 Standards

预算：正常经济

• Budget: Normal economy

·建筑设计：广泛的吸引力

• Architectural design: Broad appeal

*未来：完成实验后出售房子

• Future: Sale of the house after completed experiment

 © Jesper Ray

杰斯珀·雷

Architects Arkitema Architects

Location Nyborg, Denmark

Category Houses

Area 156.0 sqm

Project Year 2013

Photographs Jesper Ray, Helene Høyer Mikkelsen