这次复兴是非同寻常的。这座建筑被遗弃了十多年，被彻底毁坏，曾经被遗忘，许多人认为它实际上已经被拆除了。[1]几十年来，建筑师们只在图纸和战前黑白照片中研究了Aalto的项目，不知道原作是否仍然存在，如果是的话，它是如何使用的。它从现代的偶像变成废弃的遗迹到建筑的经典，是一个政治阴谋，战争和坚忍不拔的少数人谁救了废墟的坚忍不拔的故事。

This renaissance is nothing less than extraordinary. Abandoned for over a decade and allowed to fall into complete disrepair, the building was once so forgotten that many believed it had actually been demolished. [1] For decades, architects studied Aalto’s project only in drawings and prewar black-and-white photographs, not knowing whether the original was still standing, and if it was, how it was being used. Its transformation from modern icon to deserted relic to architectural classic is a tale of political intrigue, warfare, and the perseverance of a dedicated few who saved the building from ruin.

1927年，当阿尔托赢得设计维伊普里市图书馆的比赛时，它是他在芬兰进行的一系列具有启发性的现代主义项目中的第一个。[2]维伊普里当时是一个繁荣的工业和商业港口城市，位于该国与美国之间动荡的东部边界附近，建设于1935年结束，但它在芬兰的居住时间很短。1939-40年冬季战争后，芬兰政府以条约形式正式将维伊普里割让给苏联。第二次世界大战期间，芬兰军队重新占领了维伊普里，1944年被苏联重新占领。Viipuri位于战斗中心，主要由其居民疏散，其一半以上的建筑被战争夺去，剩下的大部分被严重破坏。曾经是芬兰第二大人口城市的芬兰，突然变成了一个鬼城，此后苏联的边界露头被命名为“维堡”(Vyborg)。[3]

When Aalto won the competition to design Viipuri’s city library in 1927, it was among the first in a series of seminal modernist projects he undertook throughout his native country of Finland. [2] Viipuri was at that time a thriving industrial and commercial port city located near the country’s volatile Eastern border with the U.S.S.R. Construction ended in 1935, but its residency in Finland was to be short-lived. The Finnish government officially ceded Viipuri to the Soviet Union by treaty after the Winter War of 1939-40, upon which it was recaptured by Finnish troops during World War II and then retaken by the Soviets in 1944. Located in the center of the fighting and largely evacuated by its population, Viipuri lost well over half of its buildings to war and most that remained were heavily damaged. What was once Finland’s second most populous city suddenly became a ghost town, a Soviet boundary outcropping thereafter named Vyborg. [3]

 Alvar and Aino Aalto with Aarne Erve, 1935. Image Courtesy of The Finnish Committee for the Restoration of Viipuri Library

Alvar和Aino Aalto与奥恩·埃尔夫合著，1935年。芬兰维伊普里图书馆修复委员会的形象介绍

1940年以前的照片显示，阿尔托的图书馆位于一座骄傲的城市的中心，就在维伊普里斯多葛式的新哥特式大教堂后面。当它的邻居-包括大教堂本身-在苏联炮火下被夷为平地时，图书馆就被废弃了，并被允许失修。隐藏在日益难以穿透的铁幕后面，有关这座建筑的知识被西方世界所丢失，并被推定为已被摧毁。[4]

Photographs from before 1940 show Aalto's library at the heart of a proud city, located just behind Viipuri’s stoic, neo-Gothic cathedral. When its neighbors—including the cathedral itself—were reduced to rubble under Soviet artillery, the library was abandoned and allowed to fall into disrepair. Hidden behind the increasingly impenetrable Iron Curtain, knowledge of the building was lost to the western world, and it was presumed destroyed. [4]

 Pre-1940 photograph of the library adjacent to the Viipuri Cathedral. Image Courtesy of The Finnish Committee for the Restoration of Viipuri Library

1940年前维伊普里大教堂附近图书馆的照片。芬兰维伊普里图书馆修复委员会的形象介绍

尽管困难重重，图书馆在战争中幸免于难。上世纪50年代末，人们对这座城市重新产生兴趣，导致苏联建筑师们第一次仓促地翻修了这座建筑，据称他们无法接触到阿尔托的原始计划。[5]这座建筑虽然病了，但却屹立不倒，继续充当维堡日益增长的人口的图书馆，显示出越来越多的老化和磨损迹象。当米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫20世纪80年代末的辉煌给外界带来了近50年来的第一次图书馆一瞥时，他们迎来了一幅可耻的景象。它的白色灰泥被涂鸦玷污了，这座图书馆比以前的建筑宝库更像Tschumi的广告中的Savye别墅。

Against the odds, the library survived the wars. In the late 1950s, a renewed interest in the town led to the first hasty renovation of the building by Soviet architects who allegedly did not have access to Aalto’s original plans. [5] Sickly but standing, the building continued to serve as a library for the growing population of Vyborg, showing ever increasing signs of age and wear. When Mikhail Gorbachev’s glasnost of the late 1980s gave the outside world its first glimpses of the library in nearly fifty years, they were greeted with an ignominious sight. With its stained and cracked white stucco, defaced by graffiti, the library more closely resembled the Villa Savoye of Tschumi’s Advertisements than the architectural treasure it had once been.

 Pre-renovation dilapidation. Image Courtesy of The Finnish Committee for the Restoration of Viipuri Library

装修前破损。芬兰维伊普里图书馆修复委员会的形象介绍

 Pre-renovation detail on the backside of the lecture hall. Image Courtesy of The Finnish Committee for the Restoration of Viipuri Library

讲堂后面的翻新前细节。芬兰维伊普里图书馆修复委员会的形象介绍

2000年，图书馆的欣赏达到了一个转折点。它被世界古迹观察组织列为最濒危的100处遗址，这是一项严厉的警告(也是一项令人怀疑的荣誉)，两年后它将再次收到这一警告。在芬兰和俄罗斯之间持续紧张的气氛中，对这座建筑的兴趣成为一个值得欢迎的合作点。2010年，俄罗斯总理弗拉基米尔·普京和芬兰总统塔里娅·哈洛宁为全面修复图书馆获得了联合资助。翻新后的外墙和内墙整齐划一，精心修复了阿尔托标志性的室内细节，使这栋建筑恢复了生机。

In 2000, the library's appreciation reached a turning point. It was listed on the 100 Most Endangered Sites by the World Monuments Watch, a stern warning (and a dubious honor) that it would receive again two years later. Amidst the perpetual tensions between Finland and Russia, interest in the building became a welcome point of cooperation. Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin and Finnish President Tarja Halonen secured joint funding in 2010 for a complete restoration of the library. Refinishing the façade and interior walls in their entirety and meticulously rehabilitating Aalto’s trademark interior details, the renovation brought the building back to life.

 Main lobby. Image © The Finnish Committee for the Restoration of Viipuri Library and Petri Neuvonen

主大厅。芬兰维伊普里图书馆修复委员会和PetriNeuvonen

图书馆的集合由两个简单的矩形块组成，它们相互水平偏移，但内部的空间组织似乎要复杂得多。平面图中通常被描述为三层，实际上是六层或七层，形成了一组杂乱无章的体积条件和一个复杂的过渡空间场。编程式安排与较简单的集合有一些相似之处，行政和礼仪空间在主入口区，大部分阅读空间和书架在较大的后座。然而，这些计划的复杂性表明，在实践中，这个图表并不是那么简单。

The library's massing consists of two simple rectangular blocks that are offset horizontally from one another, but the internal spatial organization is deceptively more complex. What is often described as three floors in plan is actually six or seven in section, resulting in a variegated array of volumetric conditions and a complex field of transitional spaces. The programmatic arrangement bears some resemblance to the simpler massing, with administrative and ceremonial spaces in the main entrance block and the bulk of the reading spaces and bookshelves in the larger rear block. The intricacy of the plans, however, reveals this diagram not to be so straightforward in practice.

 From top to bottom: Basement, Ground Floor, Second Floor.

自上而下：地下室，地下，二楼。

这种复杂的内部布局的循环抓住了阿尔托设计的本质。与以海拔变化为主要特征的崎岖的山地地形相似，他努力创造一种阶梯式的“剖面图与地面图的交织”和“水平与垂直结构的某种统一”。[6]与以功能主义项目为代表的平坦走廊不同，穿过建筑物的走廊在向内移动时会向上倾斜，在这条路的标志性峰会上，中央行政服务台达到了高潮。在对现代主义公理的改良展示中，阿尔托利用了由此产生的过渡性领域，赋予了它们规划价值，将着陆扩展到阅读平台，并将楼层间的空隙与书架连接起来。其结果是一个无缝的，连续的旅程，蜿蜒穿过整个建筑，像溪流一样流动。

The circulation of this complex interior arrangement captures the essence of Aalto’s design. Analogizing to a rugged mountain topography defined primarily by changes in elevation, he strove to create a stepped “interweaving of the section and ground plan” and “a kind of unity of horizontal and vertical construction.” [6] Unlike the flat hallways often typified by functionalist projects, movement corridors through the building deviate upward as they progress inward, culminating at a central administrative desk at the path's symbolic summit. In a modified display of modernist axioms, Aalto capitalizes on the resulting transitional areas by giving them programmatic value, expanding landings into reading platforms and bridging inter-floor gaps with bookshelves. The result is a seamless, continuous journey that meanders through the entirety of the building with stream-like fluidity.

 Aalto's topographical concept sketch

阿尔托地形概念草图

 Looking toward the central circulation desk. Image Courtesy of The Finnish Committee for the Restoration of Viipuri Library

朝中央循环台看。芬兰维伊普里图书馆修复委员会的形象介绍

尽管有经验主义的启发，建筑物的组成是由严格的逻辑过程决定的。建筑物不同元素之间的对话是由标量网格、比例关系和旋转驱动的。行政办公桌是大楼的核心，也是它的几何中心，它产生一个径向脉冲，使书架和楼梯井与单点排列，在另一个正交系统中是一个强大的圆形主题。网格重叠导致了空隙空间的产生，比如演讲大厅后面的走廊，这种语言是由过程驱动的，它是一种奇怪的先见之明的解构方法，这种方法在未来40年内不会出现。

Despite its experientialist inspirations, the composition of the building is determined by a rigorously logical process. Dialogue between different elements of the building is geometrically driven by scalar grids, proportional relationships, and rotations. The administrative desk—the programmatic heart of the building—is also its geometric center, generating a radial pulse that aligns bookshelves and stairwells with a single point, a powerful circular motif in an otherwise orthogonal system. Grid overlaps result in the creation of interstitial spaces, such as the corridor behind the lecture hall, in a language so process-driven as to be strangely prescient of deconstructive methodologies that would not appear for another forty years.

 Grid and radial plan diagrams. Image © David Langdon

网格和径向平面图。图像(大卫·兰登)

在更实用的层面上，图书馆为年轻的阿尔托提供了一个机会，让他开始测试他对自然照明的想法，这是他在整个职业生涯中将继续的追求。为了让阅览室充满漫射光，他发明了一种锥形天窗，可以在日光下漏斗，而不允许直接产生阴影的太阳射线。依靠组织阅览室的生成网格，他系统地用两米长的光井打孔屋顶，使屋顶具有标志性的未来派外观。这种高效的照明模式成为了Aalto设计的主要内容，在Otaniemi图书馆和拉乌塔塔洛接受了客串表演。这些天窗在总体上也成为图书馆设计的永恒理想，最近完成的Gwathmey Siegel就证明了这一点。

On a more functional level, the library presented an opportunity for the young Aalto to begin testing his ideas on natural lighting, a pursuit he would continue throughout his career. Aiming to fill the reading rooms with diffuse light, he invented a conical skylight that would funnel in daylight without allowing direct, shadow-producing solar rays. Relying on the generative grid that organizes the reading rooms, he systematically perforated the roof with two-meter light wells, giving the roof its trademark futuristic appearance. This highly effective lighting model became a staple of Aalto’s design, receiving cameo appearances at the Otaniemi Library and at Rautatalo. These skylights also became an enduring ideal of library design in general, as is demonstrated by the recent completion of Gwathmey Siegel & Associates’ Haas Fine Arts Library at Yale.

 The central circulation desk under Aalto's classic skylights during renovations. Image © Flickr user : Liz Waytkus

装修期间，阿尔托经典天窗下的中央流通台。图片c Flickr用户：Liz Waytkus

维伊普里图书馆虽然无可辩驳地属于新兴的现代主义传统，但始终表现出一种背离纯粹功能主义的刻意倾向。丰富的细节既不是理性的，也不是纯粹的观赏性的，比如他的对角线门柱或楼梯间的性感栏杆，为现代形式增添了一种富有表现力和鲜明的个人色彩。建筑物的正式组织和“突出特定设计要素的趋势”在其组成和复杂性方面也是不正常的。[7]

While the Viipuri Library irrefutably belongs to the budding modernist tradition, it consistently displays a calculated tendency to depart from pure functionalism. Rich details that are neither rational nor purely ornamental, such as his diagonal entrance door bracings or the sensuous banisters of the stairwells, add an expressive and distinctly personal flare to modern forms. The formal organization of the building and its "tendency to highlight particular design elements" is likewise aberrant in its composition and complexity. [7]

阿尔托对他的国家的环境和传统非常敏感，他用更典型的芬兰建筑材料，丰富了Viipuri现代设计的形式纯度。白色灰泥、混凝土和玻璃与室内温暖的木质装饰形成了令人愉快的对比，其中包括演讲厅中壮观的滚动木天花板。阿尔托对自然照明的关注是斯堪的纳维亚设计永恒的标志，它暗示了明显的当地建筑方法。这些远离主流现代主义的冲动，使图书馆进入了地域现代主义的早期范畴，在文体上将本土传统与欧洲大陆新利斯普罗(L‘esprit Nuveau)的进步情感结合起来。

Ever sensitive to the environment and traditions of his country, Aalto enriched the formal purities of Viipuri’s modern design with a material palette more typical of Finnish architecture. The white stucco, concrete, and glass of the façade finds delightful contrast with the warm wood finishes of the interiors, including a spectacular rolling wooden ceiling in the lecture hall. Aalto’s concern over natural lighting, a timeless hallmark of Scandinavian design, alludes to distinctly local construction methods. These impulses away from mainstream modernism allow the library to fall into an early category of regional modernism that stylistically integrates local tradition with the progressive sensibilities of L’Esprit Nouveau of mainland Europe.

 © Denis Esakov

c Denis Esakov

 The restored lecture hall. Image © Flickr user ninara

修复后的演讲厅。图片c Flickr用户

即使只有运气才能保护维伊普里图书馆度过动荡的青春期，但正是它设计的丰富性和对现代建筑的无价价值，才让它得以在接下来的几十年中存活下来。虽然维伊普里的故事是伟大建筑的持久力量之一，但它也是建筑学中不可分割的相互联系和偶尔对政治的顺从；它证明建筑不可能存在于它们所处的城市和国家之上的一个领域，就像周围的世界一样，也可能成为国际政治反思和战争危险的牺牲品。

Even if it was luck alone that shielded the Viipuri Library through its tumultuous adolescence, it was the richness of its design and its priceless value to modern architecture that allowed it to survive the decades that ensued. And while Viipuri’s story is one of the enduring power of great architecture, it also one of architecture’s inextricable interconnectedness and occasional subservience to politics; it is proof that buildings cannot exist in a realm above the cities and nations in which they are located, and like the world around them, can fall prey to the ruminations of international politics and the perils of war.

 © Denis Esakov

c Denis Esakov

 © Denis Esakov

c Denis Esakov

 © Denis Esakov

c Denis Esakov

[1]“Viipuri图书馆”。阿尔瓦·阿尔托·穆塞奥。2014年12月1日检索：http：/www.alvaraaltoResearch.fi/files/3213/6093/2171/AAM_RN_Passinmaki.pdf

[1]“Viipuri Library.” Alvar Aalto Museo. Retrieved 1 December 2014 from http://www.alvaraaltoresearch.fi/files/3213/6093/2171/AAM_RN_Passinmaki.pdf

[2]一般见Koepper，H.F.。“阿尔瓦·阿尔托”大英百科全书。2014年12月3日检索，网址：http：/www.britannica.com/EBcheck/Topic/241/Alvar-Aalto。

[2] See generally Koepper, H.F. "Alvar Aalto." Encyclopedia Brittanica. Retrieved 3 Dec. 2014 from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/241/Alvar-Aalto.

[3]一般见“Vyborg”。大英百科全书。2014年12月3日检索，网址：http：/www.britannica.com/EBcheck/Topic/633556/Vyborg。

[3] See generally "Vyborg." Encyclopedia Brittanica. Retrieved 3 Dec. 2014 from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/633556/Vyborg.

[4]“Viipuri图书馆”。阿尔瓦·阿尔托·穆塞奥。2014年12月1日检索：http：/www.alvaraaltoResearch.fi/files/3213/6093/2171/AAM_RN_Passinmaki.pdf

[4]“Viipuri Library.” Alvar Aalto Museo. Retrieved 1 December 2014 from http://www.alvaraaltoresearch.fi/files/3213/6093/2171/AAM_RN_Passinmaki.pdf

[6]Passinmaki，Pekka。“鳟鱼，溪流，和放任。阿尔瓦·阿尔托对建筑的诗性传统的贡献。“工作文件-阿尔瓦·阿尔托研究人员网络。2014年12月1日检索：http：/www.alvaraaltoResearch.fi/files/3213/6093/2171/AAM_RN_Passinmaki.pdf

[6] Passinmaki, Pekka. “The Trout, the Stream, and the Letting-Be. Alvar Aalto’s Contribution to the Poetic Tradition of Architecture.” Working paper – Alvar Aalto Researchers’ Network. Retrieved 1 December 2014 from http://www.alvaraaltoresearch.fi/files/3213/6093/2171/AAM_RN_Passinmaki.pdf

[7]穆斯格罗夫，约翰，编辑。班尼斯特·弗莱彻爵士的“建筑史”。巴特沃思集团：大不列颠，1987年。

[7] Musgrove, John, ed. Sir Banister Fletcher’s A History of Architecture. Butterworth Group: Great Britain, 1987.

1935年Alvar Aalto地区2500.0平方米项目年照片Denis Esakov，芬兰维伊普里图书馆恢复委员会和PetriNeuvonen，Flickr USERNNARA，Flickr用户：Liz Waytkus，David Langdon

Architects Alvar Aalto Area 2500.0 m2 Project Year 1935 Photographs Denis Esakov, The Finnish Committee for the Restoration of Viipuri Library and Petri Neuvonen, Flickr user ninara, Flickr user : Liz Waytkus, David Langdon