Courtesy of Tectoniks

由Tectoniks提供

架构师提供的文本描述。泛美运动会是世界第三大国际多项运动会，规模仅次于夏季奥运会和亚运会。安大略省多伦多是2015年奥运会的主办城市，该届奥运会将于7月10日至8月16日举行。

Text description provided by the architects. The Pan American Games are the world's third largest international multi-sport Games - surpassed in size only by the Summer Olympics and the Asian Games. Toronto, Ontario was the host city for the 2015 Games which ran from 10th July – 16th August.

 Courtesy of Tectoniks

由Tectoniks提供

安大略省政府与安大略省旅游营销伙伴关系公司(OTMPC)合作，委托建造一个庆祝区，以突出安大略省在奥运会期间令人难以置信的多样性、文化和遗产。

In partnership with the Ontario Tourism Marketing Partnership Corporation (OTMPC), the Government of Ontario commissioned the construction of a Celebration Zone to highlight Ontario’s incredible diversity, culture and heritage during the Games.

 Roof Plan (North Pavilion)

屋面图则(北亭)

这些结构由一系列跨径式充气拱门组成，中间散布着纵向的、相互连接的“枕头”，与拱门的充气压力相同。建筑中使用了两种阻燃纺织品-一种是白色，另一种是白色，不透明的纺织品用于拱门，而半透明的纺织品用于枕头，以提供机会创造有趣的效果与内部照明。这一概念是由Tectoniks为结构设计的建筑师和使用的建筑方法开发的，比如去年在旧金山为Dreamforce会议建造的建筑。

The structures are made up of a series of span-wise inflatable arches, interspersed with longitudinal, interconnected ‘pillows’ which are inflated to the same pressure as the arches.  Two types of fire retardant textiles were used in their construction – a white, opaque textile was used for the arches whilst a translucent textile was used for the pillows in order to provide the opportunity for creating interesting effects with internal lighting.  The concept was developed with the architect and utilised construction methods devised by Tectoniks for structures such as the one built for the Dreamforce Convention in San Francisco the previous year.

 Courtesy of Tectoniks

由Tectoniks提供

适用的代码。

Applicable Codes.

经与规划当局讨论后，确定除了地方消防安全规范外，展馆还需要满足“安大略建筑规范”(2012年)的要求。由于2012年巴塞尔公约没有列入拟议展馆形式的设计荷载数据，会议商定将采用ASCE 7-10的适当部分(“建筑物和其他结构的最低设计荷载”)。

Following discussions with the planning authorities it was determined that the pavilions would need to satisfy the requirements of the Ontario Building Code (OBC2012) in addition to local codes for fire safety. Since OBC2012 included no design load data for the forms of the proposed pavilions, it was agreed that the appropriate sections of ASCE 7-10 (‘Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures’) would be adopted. 

 Courtesy of Tectoniks

由Tectoniks提供

结构分析

Structural Analysis.

主要的挑战是充分实现建筑师对细长、优雅的结构的设想，同时满足各种规范的要求-特别是在裸露的场地上对如此大的、开放的、轻量级的结构施加风荷载的要求。为了使结构尽可能细长，有必要建立一个精确的模型，用于预测在规范规定的各种荷载情况下楼阁的挠度，并确定所用纺织品的产生的应力。(鼓掌)

The principal challenge was to fully realise the architect’s vision for slender, elegant structures whilst satisfying the demands of the various codes – in particular the requirements for wind loading on such large, open, lightweight structures on an exposed site. In order to make the structures as slender as possible it was necessary to develop an accurate model for predicting the deflections of the pavilions when subjected to the various load cases prescribed by the codes and for determining the resulting stresses in the textiles used.  

与充气结构一起工作的一个有趣的方面是，在其建筑中使用的固有的薄而灵活的材料必须通过施加膨胀压力所达到的预紧作用消除所有平面内的压缩载荷，因为每个结构的膨胀压力都是相同的，限制因素是提供足够的压力来消除最大的压缩载荷，而不会在其他超过材料强度的区域产生拉伸载荷(适用安全系数)。

One interesting aspect of working with inflatable structures is that the inherently thin, flexible materials used in their construction must have all in-plane compressive loads removed through the action of pretension achieved by the application of the inflation pressure.  Since the inflation pressure would be the same throughout each structure, the limiting factor would be providing sufficient pressure to remove the largest compressive loads without creating tensile loads in other areas that would exceed the material strength (with factors of safety applied).

 Courtesy of Hariri Pontarini Architects

哈里里·庞塔里尼建筑师

为了简化这一过程，Tectoniks发展起来的一项技术就是将充气梁和等效弯曲刚度的刚性梁等同起来。弯曲刚度数据是通过在其设施进行的不同直径和内部压力的充气梁的荷载/挠度试验确定的，利用这些数据可以创建建立了一个精确预测楼阁挠度的有限元模型，该模型还得到了结构中存在的最大弯矩，从该模型中可以计算出薄膜载荷，以检查内部气压是否足以消除所有的压缩载荷，并且在任何时候材料强度都没有超过。

Finite Element Analysis was used to facilitate this process.  One technique that Tectoniks has developed to simplify such analysis is to equate an inflated beam with a rigid beam of equivalent flexural rigidity.  Flexural rigidity data has been determined from load/deflection tests of inflated beams of varying diameters and internal pressures conducted at their facility.  Using this data enabled the creation of a finite element model to accurately predict the deflections of the pavilions.  Interrogation of the model also yielded the maximum bending moments present in the structures from which the membrane loads could be calculated to check that the internal air pressure was sufficient to remove all compressive loads and that the material strength had not been exceeded at any point.

 North Elevation (South Pavilion)

北立面(南亭)

采用这种方法可以使结构的设计得到快速优化，使它们尽可能苗条，同时保持对其结构性能的信心。设计的长细进一步提高了结构的可见边从较小的直径管。然后建造并测试标度原型段，以验证分析的预测和评估各种施工方法。(鼓掌)

Using this approach allowed the design of the structures to be optimised quickly, making them as slender as possible whilst maintaining confidence in their structural performance. The slenderness of the design was further enhanced by making the visible edges of the structures from smaller diameter tubes. Scale prototype sections were then constructed and tested to validate the predictions of the analysis and to evaluate various construction methods.  

 Courtesy of Tectoniks

由Tectoniks提供

有限元分析还得到了考虑荷载情况下的地面反应，这使得展馆的锚定系统得以设计，该系统使用临时的地面螺钉，其综合承载能力超过200吨。螺钉上的硬点通过可调的带子附着在位于每个展馆底部的一系列载荷补丁上。有适当的负荷等级。该系统的设计，使人的电线或其他索具是必要的。

The Finite Element Analysis also yielded the reactions at ground level for the load cases considered.  This enabled the anchoring system for the pavilions to be designed which made use of temporary ground screws with a combined holding capacity of over 200 tonnes.  Hard points on the screws were attached to a series of load patches located around the base of each pavilion via adjustable straps with appropriate load ratings.  The system was designed so that no guy wires or other rigging were necessary.

 Detail (North Pavilion)

细节(北亭)

载荷片必须在不超过材料强度的情况下，从每个锚中取点荷载，并将其分配到充气结构中，当考虑这些因素时，每个锚片所需的最小断裂载荷为1，850 kg。设计了直径为800 mm的圆形载荷片，中心不锈钢负载环与径向载荷带相连，将载荷带缝合到与充气材料相同的支撑盘上，然后用结构粘接剂与结构结合，对试件进行多次拉力试验，以确保其适用性。

The load patches had to take the factored point load from each anchor and distribute it into the inflatable structure without exceeding the material strength.  When factored, the minimum break load required for each patch was 1,850kg. Circular load patches, 800mm in diameter, with central stainless steel load rings connected to radial load tapes were designed.  The load tapes were stitched to a backing disk made form the same material as the inflatable which was then bonded to the structure using a structural adhesive.  Multiple pull tests were conducted on sample patches to ensure their suitability. 

 Courtesy of Tectoniks

由Tectoniks提供

图案装饰.

Patterning.

这些亭子流动的有机形式意味着它们将是完全不对称的，不会重复或反映它们所用的任何织物面板。这意味着将产生大量独特的图案，在很短的时间内进行切割和制作。为每个展馆创建了详细的CAD曲面模型。利用Tectoniks自己开发的软件，内部开发的15，000个独特的3D展馆面板被转换成一个2D切割模式，其中包括ID号、对齐标记和缝线允许。

The flowing, organic forms of the pavilions meant that they would be completely asymmetrical, with no repetition or mirroring of any of the fabric panels they would be made from.  This meant that a huge number of unique patterns would have to be generated, cut and fabricated in a very short space of time.  A detailed CAD surface model was created for each pavilion.  Using Tectoniks own software, developed in-house, each of the 15,000 unique 3D panels making up the pavilions was converted into a 2D cutting pattern complete with ID number, alignment marks and seam allowances.

控制如此众多独特部件的流动和制造，需要高度有效的规划和质量控制，以确保数千个面板中的每一个在尺寸上都是准确的，并按正确的顺序装配。40英里以上的焊接焊缝必须得到精确控制，并检查其结构完整性和气密性。

Controlling the flow and fabrication of such a large number of unique components required highly effective planning and quality control to ensure that every one of the thousands of panels was dimensionally accurate and assembled in the correct sequence.  Over 40 miles of welded seams had to be precisely controlled and checked for structural integrity and air tightness.

 Courtesy of Tectoniks

由Tectoniks提供

空气管理系统

Air Management System.

展馆需要精确控制通货膨胀压力，以达到规范所要求的结构性能水平。因此，空气管理系统是整个结构方案的关键部分，该系统由六个独立的单元组成，每个单元包含四个由两个数字过程控制器控制的0.75kW侧通道鼓风机，每个单元都安装在一个轮式飞行箱中，以简化运输和处理。

The pavilions require precise control of the inflation pressure in order to achieve the levels of structural performance required by the codes. The air management system is therefore a critical part of the overall structural scheme.  The system is comprised of six independent units, each containing four 0.75kW side-channel blowers under the control of two digital process controllers.  Each unit is housed in a wheeled flight case to simplify transportation and handling.

过程控制器与压力传感器相连，压力传感器感知展台内的空气压力。控制器采用上下设定点编程，并按要求打开和关闭鼓风机，以保持在这些范围内的压力。这些展馆几乎是密密麻麻的建筑，一旦膨胀，它们所消耗的空气(和能量)就非常少。

The process controllers are linked to pressure transducers which sense the air pressure in the pavilions.  The controllers are programmed with upper and lower set-points and switch the blowers on and off as required to maintain pressure within these limits. Being of a virtually air tight construction, the pavilions consume very little air (and power) once inflated.

对于楼阁的初始膨胀，所有鼓风机都可以使用，但一旦达到这一目的，只需要少量的风机就能维持压力。因此，该系统具有很高的冗余度。如果凉亭损坏导致空气流失，控制器会自动将多余的鼓风机送回线路进行补偿。展览馆内的空气分区进一步加强了安全。每个区域都有其独立的通货膨胀单位，以便在某一区域内发生过度损坏时，其余部分不受影响，并有足够的力量支持受损地区。

For the initial inflation of the pavilions, all the blowers are utilised but once this is achieved only a small number are required to maintain pressure.  The system therefore has a high level of redundancy.  In the event of damage to the pavilions resulting in the loss of air, the controllers automatically bring redundant blowers back on-line to compensate. Safety is further enhanced with the zoning of air sections within the pavilions. Each zone has its own independent inflation unit so that in the event of excessive damage within a zone, the remaining sections are unaffected and have sufficient strength to support the damaged area.

 Courtesy of Tectoniks

由Tectoniks提供

在多变的天气条件下，由于太阳能的增加，气压可能会超过上限。在这种情况下，控制器打开电动安全阀，让空气逃逸，直到正常运行的气压恢复。

During changeable weather conditions, the air pressure can exceed the upper limit owing to solar gain. In this eventuality, the controllers open electric relief valves to allow air to escape until normal operational air pressure is restored.  

Architects Hariri Pontarini Architects

Location Harbourfront Centre, 235 Queens Quay W, Toronto, ON M5J 2G8, Canada

Category Pavillion

Designers and Fabricators Tectoniks

Area 1200.0 m2

Project Year 2015

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