在最初的西班牙计划中，这座成为潘兴广场(Pershing Square)的街区被指定为市政空间，但它的使用基本上是非正式的，常常是早期定居者的营地，直到德国移民乔治·雷曼(George Lehman)开始在那里植树和维护树木，可能在它被正式指定为城市公园之前。[2]与许多城市公园一样，它的历史与城市发展趋势相提并论。公园繁茂的热带植物和二十世纪末二十世纪初的Beaux艺术设计补充了公园的迷人的地址和机构，包括比尔特莫尔酒店和洛杉矶爱乐乐团。但是这个公园在20世纪50年代初被不可磨灭地改变了，当时在这个地方建造了一个地下停车场，用一片宽阔的草坪和稀疏的凸起的种植园取代了茂密的植物。一些历史学家认为，上世纪50年代重新设计的最低限度植树是一种有意的策略，目的是阻止早在20世纪20年代就在公园里司空见惯的同性恋巡航。[3]通往停车场的长而宽的坡道排列在四周的四面八方，为行人制造了一个令人沮丧的障碍。随着企业从城市的历史核心转移到更西边的新办公大楼，潘兴广场成了该市无家可归人口的避难所和贩毒中心。

The block that became Pershing Square had been designated as municipal space in the original Spanish plan, but its use was largely informal, often serving as a campground for early settlers, until German immigrant George Lehman started planting and maintaining trees there, possibly before it was officially designated as a city park.[2] Like many urban parks, its history parallels urban development trends. The park’s lush tropical plantings and Beaux Arts design of the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries complemented the glamorous addresses and institutions that bordered the park, including the Biltmore Hotel and the Los Angeles Philharmonic. But the park was indelibly transformed in the early 1950s when an underground parking garage was built on the site, replacing the dense plantings with an expansive lawn and small trees in sparse raised planters. Some historians have suggested that the minimal plantings in the 1950s redesign was an intentional strategy to discourage the gay cruising that had been commonplace in the park since as early as the 1920s.[3] The long, wide ramps to the parking garage lined all four sides of the perimeter, creating a discouraging barrier for pedestrians. As businesses moved away from the city’s historic core and into new office towers farther west, Pershing Square became a refuge for the city’s homeless population, and a hub of drug trafficking.

 Historic View of Pershing Square. Image © Legorreta + Legorreta, photograph by Lourdes Legorreta

潘兴广场的历史景观。图片c Legorreta，Lourdes Legorreta摄于

在20世纪80年代和90年代初，马奎尔·托马斯合伙公司(Maguire Thomas Partners)的罗伯特·马奎尔(Robert Maguire)带领一群邻近的房主推动公园的重新设计，以使公园对租户更有吸引力。[4]为了鼓励这座城市向前发展，该组织同意支付Legorreta和Olin重新设计项目一半的费用。墨西哥建筑师里卡多·勒戈雷塔(Ricardo Legorreta)的选择，无论是有意还是无意，都提醒人们，在加州成为美国的一部分之前，洛杉矶作为西班牙和墨西哥领土的历史常常被忽视-更不用说这座城市的大量墨西哥裔美国人了。勒戈雷塔的作品平衡了来自墨西哥本土建筑的灵感和墨西哥现代主义者的影响，尤其是路易斯·巴拉甘(Luis Barragán)将建筑与景观结合起来的作品。[5]当时在费城的汉娜/奥林有限公司(Hanna/Olin Ltd.)的劳里·奥林(Laurie Olin)已经以主要的城市干预措施而闻名，比如丹佛的第16街购物中心(16 Street Mall)和纽约的布莱恩

In the 1980s and early 1990s Robert Maguire, of Maguire Thomas Partners, led a group of neighboring property owners to push for a redesign of the park in an effort to make it more a attractive space for their tenants.[4] To help encourage the city to move forward, the group agreed to pay half of the cost the Legorreta and Olin redesign. The choice of Mexican architect Ricardo Legorreta, whether intentional or not, serves as a reminder of Los Angeles’ often overlooked history as Spanish and Mexican territory, before California became part of the United States--not to mention the city’s significant Mexican-American population. Legorreta’s work balances inspiration from Mexican vernacular architecture and the influence of Mexican modernists, especially Luis Barragán’s integration of architecture and landscape.[5] Laurie Olin, then of the Philadelphia-based firm Hanna/Olin Ltd., was already well known for major urban interventions such as Denver’s 16th Street Mall and the renovation of Bryant Park in New York.

 © Legorreta + Legorreta, photograph by Lourdes Legorreta

(C)Legorreta，Lourdes Legorreta摄

公园的设计由两个灰泥结构固定在长方形街区两侧的中点。在东边，一个10层高的紫色拱门作为焦点，平衡了公园周围高楼大厦的规模。在塔顶，一个方形的门洞里有一个粉红色的球体，是传统钟声的抽象概念。在西边，一个单层明亮的黄色展馆容纳了咖啡馆和警察局的办公空间。这两种结构，以及它们之间的中间通道，将公园分为两个主要区域。在公园的北端，梯级草坪创建了一个圆形剧场，旨在举办各种活动和表演，而公园的南侧则由一条从运河底部延伸而来的输水管构成，这让人想起了将水输送到南加州的庞大基础设施。

The design of the park is anchored by two stucco structures at the midpoints of the two long sides of the rectangular city block. On the eastern edge, a 10-story tall purple campanile serves as a focal point and balances the scale of the tall buildings surrounding the park. At the top of the tower, a square cutout houses a pink sphere, an abstraction of the traditional bell. At the western edge, a single-story bright yellow pavilion houses space for a café and an office space for the police department. These two structures, and midblock pathway between them, divide the park into two primary zones. On the north end of the park, terraced lawns create an amphitheater, intended to host events and performances, while the southern side of the park is dominated by a water feature fed by an aqueduct extending from the base of the campanile, recalling the massive infrastructure that pipes water into Southern California.

 © Legorreta + Legorreta, photograph by Lourdes Legorreta

(C)Legorreta，Lourdes Legorreta摄

事实上，公园的许多特色都暗示了洛杉矶的特殊历史和特征，其中包括一片柑橘树林，引用了该地区的农业遗产，以及艺术家芭芭拉·麦卡伦(Barbara McCarren)设计的一套硬体景观，引发了地震断层。当潘兴广场在1994年北岭大地震后几天重新开放时，这一特征被证明是特别流行的。[6]劳里·奥林甚至能够找到几个国王棕榈树，这些棕榈树是在停车场建在温室里的时候从公园里移走的，四十年后，他们还活着-并把他们送回了原来的家。[7]公园东北边的一排高高的粉红灰泥圆柱体，勾勒出一个雕塑花园的外部边界，这里是潘兴广场历史上点缀着的纪念碑：一尊西班牙-美国战争士兵的雕像，第一次世界大战时的“斗牛士”，一尊贝多芬雕像，纪念洛杉矶爱乐乐团的奠基人，以及美国军舰“美国宪法”(1812年战争期间绰号“老铁器”)中的一门大炮。

Indeed, many features of the park allude to the specific history and character of Los Angeles, including a grove of citrus trees that reference the regions agricultural legacy, and a hardscape installation designed by artist Barbara McCarren that evokes an earthquake fault. The feature proved especially current when Pershing Square reopened just days after the 1994 Northridge earthquake.[6] Laurie Olin was even able to locate several of the King palms that were removed from the park when the parking garage was built–housed in a conservatory, and still alive four decades later­–and restored them to their original home.[7] A long line of tall pink stucco cylinders along the northeastern edge of the park defines the outer boundary of a sculpture garden, housing the monuments that punctuate Pershing Square’s history: a statue of a soldier from the Spanish-American war, a “doughboy” from World War I, a statue of Beethoven in honor of founder of the Los Angeles Philharmonic, and a cannon from the historic warship USS Constitution (nicknamed “Old Ironsides” during the War of 1812).[8]

 © flickr user teamperks, licensed under CC BY-ND 2.0

(C)Flickr用户团队津贴，由-ND2.0颁发CC许可证

虽然公园的特色完全改变了以前的状态，但设计师们仍然不得不与地下停车场抗衡。入口和出口坡道被缩短和缩小，但进入公园的通道仍然仅限于四个拐角和两个狭小的人行横道，这些都是东侧和西侧的停车坡道。如今，这种有限的通道是公园最受批评的方面之一，但推动翻修过程的业主很可能认为这是一项有益的安全功能。正如“洛杉矶时报”的一篇文章所描述的，公园重新开放后不久，“业主协会希望只有守法的公民才能经常光顾这个地方，而当地的帮派和最近声称该广场的无家可归的临时居民将远离。”[9]但是，记者继续说，关注安全问题，“使新的潘兴广场看起来有点荒凉。”[10]因此，业主们为净化和保护公园所做的努力最终把他们希望吸引的人赶走了。

Although the character of the park was totally transformed from its previous state, the designers still had to contend with the underground parking garage. The entry and exit ramps were shortened and narrowed, but access to the park is still limited to the four corners and two tenuous crosswalks that bisect the parking ramps on the east and west sides. Today, this limited access is one of most universally criticized aspects of the park, but the property owners who drove the renovation process likely saw it as a beneficial security feature. As one Los Angeles Times article described, shortly after the park reopened, “the property owners' association hopes that only law-abiding citizens will frequent the place, and that the local gangs and the homeless transients who have claimed the square in the recent past will stay away.”[9] But, the reporter continues, that focus on security, “has given the new Pershing Square a somewhat desolate look.”[10] As a result, the property owners’ efforts to sanitize and secure the park ended up driving away the very people they had hoped to attract.

 © Legorreta + Legorreta, photograph by Lourdes Legorreta

(C)Legorreta，Lourdes Legorreta摄

无家可归仍然是潘兴广场的一贯特征。对设计的批评往往与对尿液气味的抱怨同时出现，这让人不禁要问，这些批评者到底是真的表达了对建筑的不满，还是仅仅是对公园的顾客表示不满。“洛杉矶时报”在公园开放时的一篇评论指出，公园有可能将洛杉矶社区的不同部分聚集在一起，但同时也指出，为了使公园成功地吸引到白领工人，“他们必须愿意与他们似乎更愿意保持一段距离的市民打交道。”[11]就在几年后，一篇2002年的文章赞扬了公园里各种各样的游客，这些游客来自金融区办公楼和附近的拉美人购物区。距离唐人街和小东京都很远。[12]随着新居民搬到洛杉矶市中心，潘兴广场变得更加活跃。如今，餐车经常停在广场上，提供更多的就餐选择；来自附近大楼的上班族在午餐时间享受公园；夏季音乐会和户外电影之夜激活了场地，冬天还有一个溜冰场；此外，还增加了两个新的游乐场，以迎合搬到市中心的家庭的需要。

Homelessness is still a constant feature of Pershing Square. Criticisms of the design are often voiced in the same breath as complaints over the smell of urine, begging the question of whether those critics are truly expressing displeasure with the architecture, or just the park’s clientele. A commentary in the LA Times at the time of the parks opening noted the park’s potential to bring disparate parts of the Los Angeles community together, but also noted that for the park to succeed in bringing in the white-collar workers, “they will have to be willing to rub shoulders with citizens they seem to prefer to keep at a distance.”[11] Just a few years later, a 2002 article celebrated the diverse mix of visitors in the park, from the Financial District office towers, the Latino shopping areas nearby, and as far away as Chinatown and Little Tokyo.[12] As new residents have moved into downtown Los Angeles, Pershing Square has become even more active. Today, food trucks often park in the plaza, providing added dining options; office workers from nearby buildings enjoy the park on their lunch hour; summer concerts and outdoor movie nights activate the space, along with an ice skating rink in the winter; and two new playgrounds have been added to cater to the families moving into downtown.

 © Legorreta + Legorreta, photograph by Lourdes Legorreta

(C)Legorreta，Lourdes Legorreta摄

与早期的形式一样，潘兴广场仍然是市民生活的中心，举办抗议活动和其他集会。树木和植物已经成熟，这掩盖了这个公园完全由混凝土建成的神话。

As it was in its earlier forms, Pershing Square remains a center of civic life, hosting protests and other gatherings. And the trees and plantings have matured, belying the myth that the park is made entirely of concrete.

潘兴广场当然面临挑战，其中最重要的是地下停车场的问题。正如景观设计师韦德·格雷厄姆(Wade Graham)在最近为“洛杉矶时报”(LA Times)刊登的一篇专栏文章中所宣称的那样，“这座城市在潘兴广场的原罪是在牺牲汽车祭坛上的公共空间。”但正如弗朗西丝·安德顿(Frances Anderton)在2014年12月2日的电台节目“设计与建筑”(Design And Architecture)中发现的那样，公园的任何重新设计都必须维护停车场，因为它是该市宝贵的收入来源。一个新的设计能成功地解决在停车场屋顶上建造公园的挑战吗？

Pershing Square certainly faces challenges, foremost among them the issue of the underground parking garage. As landscape designer Wade Graham declared in a recent op-ed for the LA Times, “The city's Original Sin at Pershing Square was sacrificing public space on the altar of the automobile.” But as Frances Anderton discovered in the December 2, 2014 episode of her radio show “Design and Architecture,” any redesign of the park will have to maintain the parking garage because it is a valuable source of revenue for the city. Will a new design be able to successfully address the challenge of building a park on the roof of a parking garage?

 © Legorreta + Legorreta, photograph by Lourdes Legorreta

(C)Legorreta，Lourdes Legorreta摄

大规模的城市活动需要时间，有时是几十年，虽然新一批的市中心居民已经赶上了上世纪90年代对潘兴广场(Pershing Square)的雄心，但大众品味却把它的后现代美学抛在了脑后。也许更重要的是，邻近房产的开发商和业主认为，有必要建立一个新的吸引力，与洛杉矶市中心其他地区的购物中心和博物馆展开竞争。潘兴广场(Pershing Square Recore)董事会是推动该公园改造的最新举措的幕后策划者。该公司的董事会主要由开发商主导，他们的动机是提高房地产价值，这与倡导当前设计的业主不相上下。Legorreta和Olin的大胆设计，由一种开创性的公私合作伙伴关系推动，不久将被一种新的公私伙伴关系的成果所取代，他们渴望跟上不断变化的建筑和景观时尚，并受到净化城市公共领域的不切实际的愿望的驱动。正如该市与潘兴广场的联络员萨拉·埃尔南德斯(Sara Hernandez)对弗朗西丝·安德顿(Frances Anderton)说的那样，“在某种程度上，潘兴广场的不断演变确实是其历史的一部分，也是其身份的一部分。”这是一个在其历史上不断演变的空间，无论是好是坏。“

Large-scale urban activation takes time, sometimes decades, and while the new crop of downtown residents have helped catch up with the 1990s' ambitions for Pershing Square, popular taste has left its Postmodern aesthetic behind. Perhaps more importantly, the developers and owners of neighboring properties feel the need for a fancy new attraction to compete with the shopping centers and museums popping up in other areas of downtown Los Angeles. The board of Pershing Square Renew, the group behind the latest push to reinvent the park, is dominated by developers motivated to increase their property values, not unlike the property owners that advocated for the current design. Legorreta and Olin’s bold design, enabled by a pioneering form of public-private partnership, will soon be replaced by the output of a new public-private partnership, eager to keep up with changing architectural and landscape fashions, and driven by a quixotic desire to sanitize the urban public realm. As Sara Hernandez, the city’s liaison to Pershing Square Renew, told Frances Anderton, “To a certain extent, the constant evolution of Pershing Square is really a part of its history, and part of its identity. This is a space that has continually evolved throughout its history, for better or for worse.”

 © Legorreta + Legorreta, photograph by Lourdes Legorreta

(C)Legorreta，Lourdes Legorreta摄

参考( reference的名词复数 ):

References:

[1]洛杉矶保守党。“潘兴广场”2015年11月7日查阅。https：/www.laconservancy.org/Locations/Pershing-square

[1] The Los Angeles Conservancy. “Pershing Square.” Accessed 7 November 2015. https://www.laconservancy.org/locations/pershing-square

[2]Rasmussen，Cecilia。“洛杉矶当时和现在；(D)市中心地标的演变；从郁郁葱葱的公园到混凝土广场，潘兴广场和周围的城市一起，已经有141年的历史了。”洛杉矶时报。2007年8月19日：B2。

[2] Rasmussen, Cecilia. “L.A. Then and Now; The (d)evolution of a downtown landmark; From lush park to concrete plaza, Pershing Square has been changing, along with the city around it, for 141 years.” Los Angeles Times. 19 August 2007: B2.

[3]洛杉矶保守党。

[3] The Los Angeles Conservancy.

[4]Steele，James。生态建筑：一部批判的历史。伦敦：泰晤士河

[4] Steele, James. Ecological Architecture: A Critical History. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd., 2005. 255.

[5]Mutlow，John，ed。里卡多·勒戈雷塔建筑师。纽约：Rizzoli，1997年。14.

[5] Mutlow, John, ed. Ricardo Legorreta Architects. New York: Rizzoli, 1997. 14.

[6]Gordon，Larry。“潘兴的净化：五颜六色的塔楼，人造断层线是翻新公园的亮点。”洛杉矶时报。1994年2月4日：B3。

[6] Gordon, Larry. “The Purpling of Pershing: Colorful Tower, Faux Fault Line Are Highlights of Renovated Park.” Los Angeles Times. 4 February 1994: B3.

[7] 斯蒂尔（姓氏）, 255.

[7] Steele, 255.

[8] [人名] 拉斯马森.

[8] Rasmussen.

[9]Whiteson，Leon。“新的面貌，同样的旧希望：新的潘兴广场宣告信心，但设计能改变洛杉矶的社会习惯吗？”洛杉矶时报。1994年2月13日。K5.

[9] Whiteson, Leon. “Bold New Look, Same Old Hope: New Pershing Square Declares Confidence, But Can Design Change L.A.’s Social Habits?” Los Angeles Times. 13 February 1994. K5.

[10] Whiteson.

[10] Whiteson.

[11] [人名] 怀特森.

[11] Whiteson.

[12]费雷尔，大卫。周围/潘兴广场；在市中心，一片宁静的绿洲；这座城市最古老的公园，有一个人造池塘和瀑布，大胆的色彩和立体的线条，勾勒出一种兼容并蓄的人的组合。洛杉矶时报。2002年6月20日。B2.

[12] Ferrell, David. “SURROUNDINGS / PERSHING SQUARE; In the Heart of Downtown, a Tranquil Oasis; The city’s oldest park, with a faux pond and waterfall, bold colors and cubist lines, draws an eclectic mix of people.” Los Angeles Times. 20 June, 2002. B2.

建筑师Ricardo Legorreta，Laurie Olin Location 532 S Olive St，洛杉矶，CA 90013，美国类别公园项目年1994年

Architects Ricardo Legorreta, Laurie Olin Location 532 S Olive St, Los Angeles, CA 90013, USA Category Park Project Year 1994