© Sebastián Crespo

(塞巴斯蒂安·克雷斯波)

应对能力

Capability to Respond

在启用新法院的紧急过程中，作为厄瓜多尔国家政府确定的司法制度改革的一部分，邀请Hospiplan咨询公司参与新建筑物的设计，以确保所有公民都能及时、高效和高质量地诉诸司法。这一紧急委托意味着大大减少分配给项目发展的时间，并对通常遵循的程序进行必要的重组。

During the emergency process for commissioning new Courthouses, as part of the restructuring of the Judicial System defined by the National Government of Ecuador, the consulting company Hospiplan is invited to participate in the design of new buildings that would ¨guarantee all citizens an opportune, efficient and quality access to justice¨. This emergency commissioning implied the radical reduction of time allocated for the development of the projects, and a necessary reorganization of the processes normally followed.       

根据以往的经验，Hospiplan呼吁ArquArchtura x领导一个团队，在21天内完成20个项目，位于该国的3个地理区域，总共45天，用于制定所有细节、规格、工程设计和预算。ArquArchtura提出了一种策略来设计一个包含20个变量的通用项目，而不是20个具体的项目。

Based on previous experiences, Hospiplan calls arquitectura x to lead a team capable of producing 20 projects in 21 days, located in the 3 geographic regions of the country, with a total of 45 days to develop all details, specifications, engineering designs and budgets. arquitectura x proposes a strategy to design 1 generic project with 20 variables, instead of 20 specific projects. 

 © Sebastián Crespo

(塞巴斯蒂安·克雷斯波)

最后，设计了18个法院，因为两个地块被认为是不可行的，到目前为止已经建造了5个。由于紧急调试的性质，每座建筑都是由个体订约人建造的，在建造过程中没有设计组的任何参与。(鼓掌)

In the end, 18 Courthouses were designed since 2 plots were deemed inviable, and to date 5 have been built. Because of the nature of the emergency commissioning, each building was constructed by individual contractors without any involvement of the design team during the building process.   

这是一个具体的结果，应该被视为一个系统的一部分，以下列方式发展。

This building is one of the specific results and should be considered as part of a system, developed in the following way.

 © Sebastián Crespo

(塞巴斯蒂安·克雷斯波)

设计和施工过程的系统化。

Systematization of the Design and Construction Process.

这些法院的设计被视为一次机会，可以强调需要优化厄瓜多尔公共建筑的所有施工过程，方法是实施一种规划模式，一方面是基于模块化建筑组件、生产流程标准化、轻型预制和干式装配方法，另一方面是设计方法的系统化，为了产生一个足够灵活的通用模型，可根据每个案例的具体情况和需要加以修改和调整。

The design of these Courthouses is seen as an opportunity to emphasise the need to optimize all constructions processes for public buildings in Ecuador, by implementing a planning model based, on one hand on modular building components, standardization of production processes, light prefabrication and dry assembly methods, and on the other, on the systematisation of the design methodology, in order to produce a generic model flexible enough to be modified and adapted depending on the specific contexts and needs of each case. 

 © Sebastián Crespo

(塞巴斯蒂安·克雷斯波)

因此，这20个程序根据业务需求所提供的严格的功能相关性进行系统化，按照使用逻辑生成程序模块，无论是公共、半公共还是私人使用，并由为优化建筑而选择的结构-空间建筑模块在维上确定。这些方案单元的功能动态还以法院的业务需求所确定的双循环系统和空间的垂直分配逻辑为基础，将底层的公共用途列为优先事项，同时将私人使用集中在上层。

The 20 programs are thus systematized according to the strict functional correlations given by the operational needs, generating programmatic modules following logic of use, be it public, semi-public, or private use, and determined dimensionally by the structural-spatial building module selected to optimize construction. The functional dynamics of these programmatic modules are also based on the double circulation system determined by the operating requirements of the courthouses, and on the vertical distribution logic of the spaces, prioritizing public use on the ground floor while concentrating private use on the upper floors.

通过这种方法生成了项目子系统的一系列矩阵，允许同时对20个案例进行评估和决策，基于最坏的情况，即总是为一个项目做出决策，并将其应用于另一个19个项目。(鼓掌)

This way a series of matrices for the subsystems of the project are generated, allowing for simultaneous evaluation and decision making for the 20 cases at once, based on worst case scenarios, that is, always making decisions for one project and applying them to the other nineteen.                 

 © Sebastián Crespo

(塞巴斯蒂安·克雷斯波)

总体布局与公共空间

General Layout and Public Space

场地上建筑物的布局符合一项基本原则：

The layout of the buildings on the site responds to one basic principle:

公共建筑=公共空间

Public building = Public space

建筑物的总体布局与环境相适应，总是以广场、小广场、拓宽人行道、花园和绿色公园的形式形成由树木遮挡的公共空间。为此目的，建筑物包括开放的门户，作为公共内部和公共外部之间的过渡空间。这些入口也是建筑元素，使建筑成为城市的中心地带，成为城市的典范。(鼓掌)

The buildings´ general layout respond to their context, always generating public spaces shaded by trees in the form of plazas, small squares, broadening of sidewalks, and/or gardens and green parklets. For this purpose, the buildings incorporate open portals that act as transitional space between the public interior and public exterior. These portals are also the architectural elements that allow the buildings to become an urban ¨place making¨ model in the case of areas intended as new centralities for their towns.  

 © Sebastián Crespo

(塞巴斯蒂安·克雷斯波)

结构-空间网格

Structural - Spatial Grid

结构体系实质上是一个钢网格，有一个方形，6.30米的模块，作为建筑物的尺寸基础。一个合理的、重复的、不变的结构体系是有意寻求的，其双重前提是在施工过程中实现最有效的材料使用和时间的有效执行。与基于横膈膜或板的其他更常见的结构原理不同，线性网格允许对建筑物的分布、空间组织、转换或扩展提供最灵活的解决方案。

The structural system is in essence a steel grid, with a square, 6.30 metre module, that acts as the dimensional base for the building. A rational, repetitive and invariable structural system is intentionally sought with the double premise of achieving the most efficient use of materials, and a time effective execution during the construction process. In contrast to other more common structural principles based on diaphragms or slabs, the linear grid allows for the most flexible solutions for distribution, spatial organization, transformation, or expansion of the building. 

轴线之间的6.30米模块对应于形成网格的两个基本要素的尺寸：6.00米长的IPN梁和0.30×0.30平方米的方柱；网格的这一模块尺寸最大限度地减少了材料浪费，并优化了标准钢构件的分段。

The 6.30 metre module between axes corresponds to the dimensions of the two basic elements that form the grid: 6.00 metre long IPN beams and 0.30 x 0.30 metre square columns; this modular dimension of the grid minimizes material waste and optimizes sectioning of standard steel members. 

分配与流通系统

Distribution and Circulation Systems

流通计划是因应法院运作系统所界定的特殊需要而设，所有公众地方均位于前部、下层及底层，其特色是门廊及双层或三层楼。这些公共区域分布在一楼和/或二楼的大部分底层和正面空间，面向外部的公共空间。

The circulation scheme responds to the particular needs defined by the operational system of the courthouses, with all-access public areas located to the front and on the lower and ground floors, characterized by the portals and double or triple height halls. These public areas are distributed occupying most of the ground floor and the frontal spaces of the first and/or second floors, oriented to the public space outside. 

 © Sebastián Crespo

(塞巴斯蒂安·克雷斯波)

在公共空间中的垂直循环是通过在建筑物中心放置一个开放的楼梯和电梯来解决的；私人垂直循环包含在一个或多个核心中，这些核心可以进入建筑物的所有层，但总是与开放的公共循环相分离。(鼓掌)

Vertical circulation in the public spaces is solved with an open staircase and elevator placed in the centre of the building; private vertical circulation is contained in one or more cores that access all levels of the building, but are always separated from the open public circulations.        

尺度、重要性和适应性

Scale, Materiality and Adaptation

审判室是建筑物中的主要空间，是举行听证以伸张正义的场所，是位于室内公共空间上方一楼或二楼主要区域的空间，显然可以识别为包有天然木材的体积。

The Courtrooms are the primary spaces in the buildings, the places where hearings are held to impart justice, spaces located in a predominant area of the first or second floors above the interior public space, clearly identifiable as volumes clad in natural wood. 

 © Sebastián Crespo

(塞巴斯蒂安·克雷斯波)

该空间方案响应开放的规划原则，空间是定义了一个轻型预制结构体系的模块化纤维板，用于内墙，地板，天花板和立面。该系统允许建筑物完全灵活，以便它们能够适应新的规划条件、修改、扩建、翻修以及拆卸和回收零部件和材料的可能性。模块化的预制件干式装配系统也允许在相对孤立的地方高效地建造这些建筑物。

The spatial scheme responds to an open plan principle, spaces are defined with a light prefabricated constructive system of modular fibrocement boards, used for interior walls, floors, ceilings and facades. This system allows for total flexibility of the buildings so they can adjust to new programmatic conditions, modifications, expansions, renovations, and the possibility of dismounting and recycling of parts and materials. Modular, prefab dry assembly systems also allow the efficient construction of these buildings in relatively isolated places.

 © Sebastián Crespo

(塞巴斯蒂安·克雷斯波)

这些建筑物主要通过门户与其环境相联系，作为一个主要的保护和适应系统，而不那么公开的正面自然就不那么开放了。必要时，入口和其他立面都包括二级系统，以保护建筑物免受直接太阳辐射和降雨的影响，同时尽可能多地吸收自然光。在这里，每个地区或情况下都采用特定的材料，如穿孔镀锌钢丝网。

The buildings relate to their context primarily through the portals, acting as a primary protection and adaptation system, while the less public facades are by nature less open. When necessary, both the portals and the other facades incorporate secondary systems that protect the buildings from the incidence of direct solar radiation and rain, whilst admitting as much natural light as possible. It is here that specific materials for each region or case are employed, such as perforated galvanized steel screens.

Architects Arquitectura X, Espinoza Carvajal Arquitectos, Colectivo Arquitectura

Location Las Naves, Ecuador

Category Other Public Administration Buildings

Author Architects Adrian Moreno Núñez, José Miguel Mantilla Salgado, Kenny Espinoza Carvajal

Area 2051.4 sqm

Project Year 2014