© Ricardo Bofill

里卡多·博菲尔(Ricardo Bofill)

 With amenities including a pool, bar, and multiple restaurants, Kafka’s Castle is often referred to not as an apartment complex, but as a resort. Image© Ricardo Bofill

卡夫卡城堡拥有包括游泳池、酒吧和多家餐厅在内的便利设施，通常被称为度假胜地，而不是公寓楼。图像C.Ricardo Bofill

1939年出生于巴塞罗那的里卡多·博菲尔(Ricardo Bofill)在家乡的埃斯克拉·蒂克尼卡(Escuela Técnica)高等建筑学院和瑞士的日内瓦大学(Universit de Genève)学习建筑学，然后回到西班牙开始执业。1960年，他建立了一个名为“高楼建筑工作室”的多学科团队，到本世纪末，他已经设计了几个公寓建筑群。里卡多·博菲尔·高特·德阿奎图拉(RBTA)的每一个项目都探索了一个共同的主题：空间设计对人类互动的影响。[1]波菲尔在他的作品“卡夫卡城堡”(Kafka‘s城堡)中也表现出了对诗意和文学参考的偏爱。

Ricardo Bofill, born in Barcelona in 1939, studied architecture at the Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura in his hometown and at the Université de Genève in Switzerland before returning to Spain to begin his practice. He founded a multidisciplinary team called the Taller de Arquitectura (“Architecture Workshop”) in 1960 and, by the end of the decade, had designed several apartment complexes. Each project by Ricardo Bofill Taller de Arquitectura [RBTA] explored a common theme: the effect of spatial design on human interaction.[1] Bofill also demonstrated a predilection toward poetic and literary references in his work – Kafka’s Castle included.[2]

“城堡”是作者弗朗茨·卡夫卡去世后出版的一部未完成的小说。卡夫卡是一位只被称为“K”的主人公，他来到了一个由附近城堡在视觉和治理上都占主导地位的村庄。K声称被城堡里的统治者任命为土地测量师，但正如故事中记载的那样，他被这个难以接近的当局所承认的企图遭到了村民和傲慢的地方官员顽固的攻击。虽然没有成文，但结尾的卡夫卡打算看到K终于得到了留下的许可，只有在他的努力使他精疲力竭之后，他才能在临终前留下。

In The Castle, an unfinished novel published after the death of its author Franz Kafka, a protagonist known only as K arrives in a village dominated, both visually and governmentally, by a nearby castle. K claims to have been appointed as a land surveyor by the rulers in the castle, but as chronicled in the story, his attempts to be recognized by this inaccessible authority are dashed against the obstinacy of the villagers and arrogant local officials. Although unwritten, the ending Kafka intended would see K finally receive a permit to stay only after exhaustion from his efforts has literally left him on his deathbed.[3]

 Every aspect of the Castle’s design, including its siting, was dictated by mathematical formulae. Image© Ricardo Bofill

城堡设计的每一个方面，包括它的选址，都是由数学公式决定的。图像C.Ricardo Bofill

鉴于其支离破碎的外观，人们无法立即看出为什么美国银行会选择将卡夫卡的城堡命名为一部小说，这部小说描绘的是官僚作风的逻辑极端。这可能只是一个讽刺的称谓，但事实是，有一个方法，明显疯狂的建筑设计。组成城堡的众多立方结构单元的分布不是随机的，而是由各种方程决定的：一个决定了有多少模块连接到两个核心循环轴，另一个决定了围绕在轴上的单元螺旋的高度。这些方程被应用于每一个垂直核，它们的输出被合并成一座建筑物，这两者的综合创造了独特的空间条件，并由此导出了细致的计算。

Given its fragmented appearance, it is not immediately discernable as to why Bofill would choose to name Kafka’s Castle for a novel which portrays bureaucracy taken to its logical extremes. This could simply be an ironic appellation, but the fact is that there is a method to the apparent madness in the building’s design. The distribution of the numerous cubic structural units which compose the Castle is not random, but dictated by various equations: one determines how many modules connect to the two core circulation shafts, while another determines the height of the spirals of units wrapping around the shafts. The equations are applied to each vertical core and their outputs merged together into a single building, the synthesis of the two creating unique spatial conditions which bely the meticulous calculations from which they were derived.[4]

 © Ricardo Bofill

里卡多·博菲尔(Ricardo Bofill)

 Elevation changes marked the boundaries between modules within each apartment unit. Image© Ricardo Bofill

标高的变化标志着每个公寓单元内各单元之间的界限。图像C.Ricardo Bofill

除了住宅公寓，卡夫卡城堡还包括游泳池、桑拿、酒吧和多家餐厅。从这个意义上说，虽然它的正式设计明显打破了西班牙的传统，但它在编程上并不是非典型的。聚集在垂直核心周围的居住模块的概念也并不独特-几乎就在Bofill设计卡夫卡城堡的同时，莫什·萨夫迪也在加拿大蒙特雷使用类似的方法来设计他的栖息地‘67。

Along with residential apartments, Kafka’s Castle includes a swimming pool, sauna, bar, and multiple restaurants. In this sense, although its formal design was a clear break from Spanish tradition, the complex is not programmatically atypical. The concept of habitation modules clustered around a vertical core was also not unique – at approximately the same time that Bofill was designing Kafka’s Castle, Moshe Safdie was utilizing a similar approach for his Habitat ‘67 in Montréal, Canada.[5]

总共有九十套公寓从这两个循环系统的核心中冒出来。每个单元的一半由组成这些核心的相同的砖块支撑；另一半，突出到空间，由两根钢柱支撑。这些单位本身是建立在悬臂陶瓷板，框架轻巧的木材，并覆盖着灰泥。尽管作为插入中央核心的独立元素出现，但没有一个立方模块实际上在结构上是自给自足的；然而，它们的标准化使构造更加容易。

In total, there are ninety apartment dwellings sprouting from the two circulatory cores. Half of each unit is supported by the same brickwork that composes these cores; the other half, protruding out into space, is supported by two steel columns. The units themselves are built on cantilevered ceramic slabs, framed in lightweight wood, and covered in stucco. Despite appearing as independent elements plugged into a central core, none of the cubic modules are actually structurally self-sufficient; their standardization, however, allowed for greater ease of construction.[6]

 Once the physical model of Kafka’s Castle was completed, RBTA managed to condense all necessary construction information into only five drawings. Image© Ricardo Bofill

一旦卡夫卡城堡的物理模型完成，RBTA设法将所有必要的建筑信息浓缩成五幅图纸。图像C.Ricardo Bofill

每一套公寓都由多个立方体组成，每个立方体在集体整体中包含一个或两个重要的空间或程序元素：例如，一个模块可以包含一个浴室和一个卧室，而其相邻的邻居则包含客厅和就餐区。公寓单元中的各个模块以不同的高度相连，将外部的空间变化带入住宅空间。

Every apartment comprises a grouping of multiple cubes, each of which contains one or two important spatial or programmatic elements within the collective whole: for example, one module may contain a bathroom and a bedroom, while its adjoining neighbor contains the living and dining areas. The various modules in an apartment unit connect at varying heights, bringing the spatial variety of the exterior into the dwelling spaces.[7]

城堡不同寻常的正式战略同样值得在施工过程中采取不寻常的方式。在设计的物理模型产生之后，RBTA开始研究一种新的表示方法，尽可能多地提取信息，同时仍然允许建筑商理解他们期望构建的内容。由于建筑基本公式的标准化，该公司能够免除建筑实践中通常使用的大量图纸，只使用五种：一幅主图和一幅补充图像，说明公寓模块的变化。这几份文件中没有具体说明的任何设计决定都在现场得到澄清。

The Castle’s unusual formal strategy merited an equally unusual approach to the construction process. After a physical model of the design was produced, RBTA set to work on a new method of presentation, distilling the information as much as they could while still allowing builders to understand what they were expected to construct. Thanks to the standardization within the building’s base formulae, the firm was able to dispense with the stacks of drawings normally de rigeur in architectural practice and utilize only five: one main drawing and supplementary images clarifying the variations of the apartment modules. Any design decisions not specified in these few documents were clarified on site.[8]

 © Ricardo Bofill

里卡多·博菲尔(Ricardo Bofill)

1968年以来，世界发生了变化，卡夫卡的城堡也随之发生了变化。这座雄伟的建筑曾经孤独地矗立在海边的山顶上，如今却与整个社区的公寓楼和独栋住宅合二为一。它多面的外墙，曾经涂过蓝色的阴影，现在变成了一种浅色的奶油色。但是，不管时间发生了什么变化，城堡仍然是一个吸引人的对象，那些看到它在西班牙天空下异乎寻常的轮廓的人-就像它被命名的文学城堡一样迷人而神秘。

The world has changed since 1968, and Kafka’s Castle has changed with it. Once standing alone on its seaside hilltop, the imposing structure now shares its environs with an entire neighborhood of apartment buildings and single family homes. Its multifaceted façade, once painted in shades of blue, is now a pale cream hue. But whatever changes time has wrought, the Castle continues to be an object of fascination to those who see its unusual form silhouetted against the Spanish sky – as captivating and mysterious as the literary castle for which it is named.

 © Ricardo Bofill

里卡多·博菲尔(Ricardo Bofill)

 © Ricardo Bofill

里卡多·博菲尔(Ricardo Bofill)

参考文献[1]。20世纪建筑百科全书。纽约：Fitzroy Dearborne，2004年。p 152。[2]Kruft，Hanno-Walter和Ronald Taylor。建筑理论史：从维特鲁维乌斯到现在。纽约，纽约：普林斯顿建筑出版社，2014年。p 446。[3]“城堡”大英百科全书。2016年5月27日[进入]。[4]Sennott，p 152。[5]Kroll，Andrew。“广告经典：卡夫卡城堡/里卡多·博菲尔”建筑日报。2011年3月21日。[进入]。[6]“卡夫卡城堡公寓楼”。里卡多·博菲尔·高个子的阿奎特图拉。2017年3月31日[进入]。[7]Kroll。[8]“卡夫卡城堡公寓楼”。

References [1] Sennott, Stephen. Encyclopedia of 20th Century Architecture. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn, 2004. p152. [2] Kruft, Hanno-Walter, and Ronald Taylor. A History of Architectural Theory: from Vitruvius to the Present. New York, NY: Princeton Architectural Press, 2014. p446. [3] "The Castle." Encyclopædia Britannica. May 27, 2016. [access]. [4] Sennott, p152. [5] Kroll, Andrew. "AD Classics: Kafka Castle / Ricardo Bofill." ArchDaily. March 21, 2011. [access]. [6] "Kafka's Castle Apartment building." Ricardo Bofill Taller de Arquitectura. Accessed March 31, 2017. [access]. [7] Kroll. [8] “Kafka’s Castle Apartment building.”

建筑师里卡多·博菲尔·高特·德阿奎图拉斯位于帕塞格·浦加德斯1 Apartamentos 608/609，08810圣佩尔德里贝斯，西班牙巴塞罗那，西班牙巴塞隆纳，负责里卡多·波菲尔项目年的建筑师里卡多·博菲尔1968年拍摄里卡多·博菲尔

Architects Ricardo Bofill Taller de Arquitecturas Location PASSEIG PUJADES 1 APARTAMENTOS 608/609, 08810 Sant Pere de Ribes, Barcelona, Spain Category Apartments Architect in Charge Ricardo Bofill Project Year 1968 Photographs Ricardo Bofill