© Liao Yusheng

廖玉生

 © Liao Yusheng

廖玉生

随着这些崇高的指示，索尔克提出了一系列更实际的要求。新设施中的实验室空间必须开放、宽敞，而且随着新的发现和技术的进步，科学研究的进程很容易更新。整个结构简单耐用，维护最少。同时，它是光明和欢迎-一个鼓舞人心的环境，为研究人员谁将在那里工作。

Along with these lofty instructions, Salk laid down a series of more practical requirements. Laboratory spaces in the new facility would have to be open, spacious, and easily updated as new discoveries and technologies advanced the course of scientific research. The entire structure was to be simple and durable, requiring minimal maintenance. At the same time, it was to be bright and welcoming – an inspiring environment for the researchers who would work there.[3]

Along with these lofty instructions, Salk laid down a series of more practical requirements. Laboratory spaces in the new facility would have to be open, spacious, and easily updated as new discoveries and technologies advanced the course of scientific research. The entire structure was to be simple and durable, requiring minimal maintenance. At the same time, it was to be bright and welcoming – an inspiring environment for the researchers who would work there.[3]

卡恩的研究所计划是在空间上安排的，类似于修道院：一个与世隔绝的知识分子社区。有三个区域要分开，都是面向西面的海洋：会议楼、村庄和实验室。会议楼将是一个大型的社区和会议场所，而该村将提供生活区；然后，建筑群的每一部分都将与其平行的邻居用一个水花园隔开。最终，会议楼和村被从项目中删除，只有实验室被建造。

Kahn’s scheme for the Institute is spatially orchestrated in a similar way to a monastery: a secluded intellectual community. Three zones were to stand apart, all facing the ocean to the west: the Meeting House, the Village, and the laboratories. The Meeting House was to be a large community and conference venue, while the Village was to have provided living quarters; each part of the complex would then have been separated from its parallel neighbors by a water garden. Ultimately, the Meeting House and Village were cut from the project, and only the laboratories were built.[4]

Kahn’s scheme for the Institute is spatially orchestrated in a similar way to a monastery: a secluded intellectual community. Three zones were to stand apart, all facing the ocean to the west: the Meeting House, the Village, and the laboratories. The Meeting House was to be a large community and conference venue, while the Village was to have provided living quarters; each part of the complex would then have been separated from its parallel neighbors by a water garden. Ultimately, the Meeting House and Village were cut from the project, and only the laboratories were built.[4]

 © Liao Yusheng

廖玉生

索尔克研究所的实验室最初被设想为由一个花园隔开的一对塔楼，后来演变成两块细长的石块，相互映衬在一个铺好的广场上。中央法院的两旁是一系列独立的塔楼，其对角线凸出使得窗户向西延伸到海洋上。这些塔楼通过小桥连接到实验室的长方形积木上，提供了穿越两个沉陷的庭院裂缝的通道，从而使自然光渗透到下面的研究空间中。卡恩不仅将这些法庭列为轻型水井，而且还提到了阿西西圣弗朗西斯修道院的修道院-沙尔克此前曾对此表示钦佩。

The laboratories of the Salk Institute, first conceived as a pair of towers separated by a garden, evolved into two elongated blocks mirroring each other across a paved plaza. The central court is lined by a series of detached towers whose diagonal protrusions allow for windows facing westward onto the ocean. These towers are connected to the rectangular laboratory blocks by small bridges, providing passage across the rifts of the two sunken courts which allow natural light to permeate into the research spaces below. Kahn included these courts not only as light wells, but as references to the cloisters of the monastery of St. Francis of Assisi – an example for which Salk had previously expressed his admiration.[5,6]

The laboratories of the Salk Institute, first conceived as a pair of towers separated by a garden, evolved into two elongated blocks mirroring each other across a paved plaza. The central court is lined by a series of detached towers whose diagonal protrusions allow for windows facing westward onto the ocean. These towers are connected to the rectangular laboratory blocks by small bridges, providing passage across the rifts of the two sunken courts which allow natural light to permeate into the research spaces below. Kahn included these courts not only as light wells, but as references to the cloisters of the monastery of St. Francis of Assisi – an example for which Salk had previously expressed his admiration.[5,6]

卡恩在索尔克研究所执行的许多设计决定都是从他在宾夕法尼亚大学理查兹医学研究实验室的工作中吸取的经验教训得出的。理查兹实验室拥挤的问题导致了索尔克更开放、更通畅的布局。卡恩也是在宾夕法尼亚州首次提出将研究空间与不同楼层的公用事业基础设施分开的概念，这一创新将在他后来的项目中得到更全面的应用。实验室和基础设施水平的更迭使建筑物维护得以进行，而不会干扰在以上或以下进行的研究。[7]

Many of the design decisions Kahn implemented in the Salk Institute derived from lessons learned during his work on the Richards Medical Research Laboratories at the University of Pennsylvania. Issues with crowding at the Richards Laboratories led to the more open, unobstructed layout at Salk. It was also in Pennsylvania that Kahn first developed the notion of separating research spaces from utilities infrastructure on different floors, an innovation which would be applied more comprehensively in his later project. The alternation of laboratory and infrastructural levels allows for building maintenance to occur without disrupting the research taking place above or below.[7]

Many of the design decisions Kahn implemented in the Salk Institute derived from lessons learned during his work on the Richards Medical Research Laboratories at the University of Pennsylvania. Issues with crowding at the Richards Laboratories led to the more open, unobstructed layout at Salk. It was also in Pennsylvania that Kahn first developed the notion of separating research spaces from utilities infrastructure on different floors, an innovation which would be applied more comprehensively in his later project. The alternation of laboratory and infrastructural levels allows for building maintenance to occur without disrupting the research taking place above or below.[7]

 © Liao Yusheng

廖玉生

根据索尔克的指示，卡恩还设计了易于升级的实验室。支撑梁仅限于每个实验室的边缘，允许在重新配置设备和空间方面具有更大的灵活性。机械系统不是密封在混凝土后面，而是在砖墙后面，这些墙可以在维修和翻新期间移开。实验室的窗户是用螺丝固定的，可以暂时拆除，这样就可以把大型设备搬进或移出大楼，而不需要拆除任何建筑物。1967年，索尔克建议，这座建筑可以“猜测明天”。

Per Salk’s instructions, Kahn also designed the laboratories to be easily upgraded. Support beams are restricted to the edges of each lab, allowing for greater flexibility in reconfiguring the equipment and spaces within. Mechanical systems are not sealed away behind concrete, but behind block walls which can be moved out of the way during maintenance and renovations. Laboratory windows are held in place by screws, allowing them to be temporarily removed so that large equipment can be moved in and out of the building without requiring any of the structure to be demolished.The building is able to “guess tomorrow,” Salk suggested in 1967.[8]

Per Salk’s instructions, Kahn also designed the laboratories to be easily upgraded. Support beams are restricted to the edges of each lab, allowing for greater flexibility in reconfiguring the equipment and spaces within. Mechanical systems are not sealed away behind concrete, but behind block walls which can be moved out of the way during maintenance and renovations. Laboratory windows are held in place by screws, allowing them to be temporarily removed so that large equipment can be moved in and out of the building without requiring any of the structure to be demolished.The building is able to “guess tomorrow,” Salk suggested in 1967.[8]

从设计上讲，这些实验室是共享的企业空间和自发的协作空间；那些寻求隐私的人必须穿过桥梁，进入中心广场的十座高楼中的一座。这些塔上有小的研究，其西面的窗户指向广场和太平洋以外的地方。[9]两个实验室机翼的西端也专门用于办公空间，结果是办公室和研究都能看到大海。

The laboratories are, by design, spaces of shared enterprise and spontaneous collaboration; those seeking privacy must cross the bridges into one of the ten towers which line the central square. The towers contain small studies, with their west-facing windows directing views toward the square and the Pacific Ocean beyond.[9] The western ends of both laboratory wings are also devoted to office space, the result being that both the offices and studies are afforded views of the sea.[10]

The laboratories are, by design, spaces of shared enterprise and spontaneous collaboration; those seeking privacy must cross the bridges into one of the ten towers which line the central square. The towers contain small studies, with their west-facing windows directing views toward the square and the Pacific Ocean beyond.[9] The western ends of both laboratory wings are also devoted to office space, the result being that both the offices and studies are afforded views of the sea.[10]

在有节奏的间隔的研究塔之间是一片几乎没有特色的白色钙华石。卡恩最初计划用一个花园来填满这个空间，但建筑师路易斯·巴拉甘(Luis Barragán)说服他离开这个空间，让它成为一片空白。[11]一条薄薄的水渠将广场分成两半，吸引人的目光投向蓝色的地平线。形成学院墙壁的未完成的混凝土在颜色上与广场上的石灰华几乎相同，这给这个空间提供了一个原始的、几乎崇高的纪念碑，暗示着古罗马祖先没有直接的文体参考。(然而，卡恩的火山灰混凝土规范-罗马建筑中使用的相同类型-提出了这种比较。)镶嵌柚木镶板可以确定书房和办公室窗户的位置，为整个研究所使用的整体混凝土和石头提供唯一的材料救济。

Between the rhythmically-spaced study towers is a nearly featureless expanse of off-white travertine stone. Kahn initially planned to fill the space with a garden, but was convinced by architect Luis Barragán to leave the space as a void.[11] A thin channel of water bisects the plaza, drawing one’s eye toward the blue horizon. The unfinished concrete which forms the walls of the Institute is nearly identical in color to the travertine in the square, lending the space a primitive and almost sublime monumentality that hints at ancient Roman forebears without direct stylistic reference. (The comparison is suggested, however, by Kahn’s specification of pozzolanic concrete – the same type used in Roman construction.) Inset teak paneling identifies the locations of study and office windows, providing the only material relief from the monolithic concrete and stone used throughout the Institute.[12]

Between the rhythmically-spaced study towers is a nearly featureless expanse of off-white travertine stone. Kahn initially planned to fill the space with a garden, but was convinced by architect Luis Barragán to leave the space as a void.[11] A thin channel of water bisects the plaza, drawing one’s eye toward the blue horizon. The unfinished concrete which forms the walls of the Institute is nearly identical in color to the travertine in the square, lending the space a primitive and almost sublime monumentality that hints at ancient Roman forebears without direct stylistic reference. (The comparison is suggested, however, by Kahn’s specification of pozzolanic concrete – the same type used in Roman construction.) Inset teak paneling identifies the locations of study and office windows, providing the only material relief from the monolithic concrete and stone used throughout the Institute.[12]

自1965年索尔克研究所(SalkInstitute)开业以来，50年过去了，卡恩的杰作的外观在很大程度上没有改变。混凝土和石头经受住了几乎完全毫发无损的海滨元素，而盖蒂基金会(GettyFoundation)最近的一项保护工作则试图修复柚木镶板，同时保存70%的原始材料。索尔克和卡恩在实验室设计上的远见，也使该研究所得以继续作为先进研究的有效机构。自成立以来，该机构已接待了六名诺贝尔奖得主。由于其灵活的设计和巧妙的材料和空间的相互作用，索尔克研究所很可能在很长一段时间内保持其作为研究中心和建筑奇观的重要性。

In the five decades that have passed since the Salk Institute opened its doors in 1965, the external appearance of Kahn’s masterwork remains largely unaltered. The concrete and stone have withstood the seaside elements almost entirely unscathed, while a recent preservation effort by the Getty Foundation sought to repair the teak paneling while preserving 70% of the original material. Salk and Kahn’s foresight in the design of the laboratories has also allowed the Institute to remain a functioning facility for advanced research, one which has played host to half a dozen Nobel laureates since its founding. With its flexible design and masterful interplay of material and space, the Salk Institute is likely to retain its significance as both a research center and an architectural wonder far into the future.[13]

In the five decades that have passed since the Salk Institute opened its doors in 1965, the external appearance of Kahn’s masterwork remains largely unaltered. The concrete and stone have withstood the seaside elements almost entirely unscathed, while a recent preservation effort by the Getty Foundation sought to repair the teak paneling while preserving 70% of the original material. Salk and Kahn’s foresight in the design of the laboratories has also allowed the Institute to remain a functioning facility for advanced research, one which has played host to half a dozen Nobel laureates since its founding. With its flexible design and masterful interplay of material and space, the Salk Institute is likely to retain its significance as both a research center and an architectural wonder far into the future.[13]

参考文献[1]米兰达，卡罗莱纳A.“路易斯·卡恩(Louis Kahn)的索尔克学院(Salk Institute)，这座建筑预计明天就会老化-非常优雅。”洛杉矶时报。2016年11月22日。[进入]。[2]柯蒂斯，威廉·J·R·现代建筑，1900年至今。伦敦：Phaidon出版社，2013年。p 522。[3]“关于Salk建筑”索尔克生物研究所。2017年8月11日访问。[进入]。[4]Curtis，第522页。[5]韦斯顿，理查德。二十世纪的关键建筑：规划，剖面和高地。伦敦：劳伦斯·金，2004年。p 138。[6]Gast，Klaus-Peter，Susanne Schindler，Louis I.Kahn。路易斯·I·卡恩。巴塞尔：Birkhä用户Verlia，1999年。P64。[7]米兰达。[8]米兰达。[9]Curtis，第522页。[10]“关于Salk建筑”，[11]Curtis，p 522-523。[12]“关于Salk建筑”[13]米兰达。

References [1] Miranda, Carolina A. "Louis Kahn's Salk Institute, the building that guesses tomorrow, is aging — very, very gracefully." Los Angeles Times. November 22, 2016. [access]. [2] Curtis, William J. R. Modern Architecture Since 1900. London: Phaidon Press, 2013. p522. [3] "About Salk Architecture." Salk Institute for Biological Studies. Accessed August 11, 2017. [access]. [4] Curtis, p522. [5] Weston, Richard. Key Buildings of the Twentieth Century: Plans, Sections and Elevations. London: Laurence King, 2004. p138. [6] Gast, Klaus-Peter, Susanne Schindler, and Louis I. Kahn. Louis I. Kahn. Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag, 1999. p64. [7] Miranda. [8] Miranda. [9] Curtis, p522. [10] “About Salk Architecture.” [11] Curtis, p522-523. [12] “About Salk Architecture.” [13] Miranda.

References [1] Miranda, Carolina A. "Louis Kahn's Salk Institute, the building that guesses tomorrow, is aging — very, very gracefully." Los Angeles Times. November 22, 2016. [access]. [2] Curtis, William J. R. Modern Architecture Since 1900. London: Phaidon Press, 2013. p522. [3] "About Salk Architecture." Salk Institute for Biological Studies. Accessed August 11, 2017. [access]. [4] Curtis, p522. [5] Weston, Richard. Key Buildings of the Twentieth Century: Plans, Sections and Elevations. London: Laurence King, 2004. p138. [6] Gast, Klaus-Peter, Susanne Schindler, and Louis I. Kahn. Louis I. Kahn. Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag, 1999. p64. [7] Miranda. [8] Miranda. [9] Curtis, p522. [10] “About Salk Architecture.” [11] Curtis, p522-523. [12] “About Salk Architecture.” [13] Miranda.

建筑师路易斯·卡恩位置10010 N Torrey Pines路10010，加利福尼亚州圣地亚哥92037，美国建筑师路易斯·卡恩客户乔纳斯·索尔克项目年1965年拍摄廖玉生类机构建筑

Architects Louis Kahn Location 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, San Diego, CA 92037, United States Architect Louis Kahn Client Jonas Salk Project Year 1965 Photographs Liao Yusheng Category Institutional Buildings

Architects Louis Kahn Location 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, San Diego, CA 92037, United States Architect Louis Kahn Client Jonas Salk Project Year 1965 Photographs Liao Yusheng Category Institutional Buildings

经典：威尼斯城威尼斯人政府委托路易·卡恩为该市设计一座新的国会宫；他的建议在尊重威尼斯共和国和统一的意大利的历史的同时，也避免不了类似的争论。

AD Classics: Palazzo dei Congressi / Louis Kahn The city of Venice has been caught in a tug of war between progress and traditionalism for many years, and particularly since the construction of a railroad viaduct in 1846 linked the island city to the Italian mainland for the first time in its history.[1] Over a century later, the Venetian government commissioned Louis Kahn to design a new Palazzo dei Congressi for the city; his proposal, while paying respect to the histories of both the Republic of Venice and a unified Italy, could not escape similar controversy.

AD Classics: Palazzo dei Congressi / Louis Kahn The city of Venice has been caught in a tug of war between progress and traditionalism for many years, and particularly since the construction of a railroad viaduct in 1846 linked the island city to the Italian mainland for the first time in its history.[1] Over a century later, the Venetian government commissioned Louis Kahn to design a new Palazzo dei Congressi for the city; his proposal, while paying respect to the histories of both the Republic of Venice and a unified Italy, could not escape similar controversy.

灯光事件：路易斯卡恩和阴影光的力量事项，一个关于光和空间的每月专栏，是由托马斯斯基尔克更轻的事项，在休息后.。在德国，他对建筑照明感兴趣，发表了许多文章，并与人合著了“光的视角”一书。影子是否有能力给建筑赋予形式？

Light Matters: Louis Kahn and the Power of Shadow Light matters, a monthly column on light and space, is written by Thomas Schielke More Light Matters, after the break... . Based in Germany, he is fascinated by architectural lighting, has published numerous articles and co-authored the book „Light Perspectives". Does shadow have the power to give form to architecture?

Light Matters: Louis Kahn and the Power of Shadow Light matters, a monthly column on light and space, is written by Thomas Schielke More Light Matters, after the break... . Based in Germany, he is fascinated by architectural lighting, has published numerous articles and co-authored the book „Light Perspectives". Does shadow have the power to give form to architecture?

路易斯·卡恩(LouisKahn)的索尔克研究所(SalkInstitute)在观看路易斯·卡恩(LouisKahn)的索尔克生物科学研究所(SalkInstituteforBiologicalSciences)日出这座著名的建筑因其位于加利福尼亚州圣迭戈的巨大位置而成为建筑中宁静的象征，它的质量因精心规划的俯瞰太平洋的对称景观而得到加强。

The Tranquility of Louis Kahn's Salk Institute Watching the sunrise over Louis Kahn's Salk Institute for Biological Sciences is arguably one of architecture's most transformative experiences. The famous building has become an emblem of tranquility in architecture thanks to its tremendous location in San Diego, California, a quality enhanced by the carefully planned symmetrical vistas overlooking the Pacific Ocean.

The Tranquility of Louis Kahn's Salk Institute Watching the sunrise over Louis Kahn's Salk Institute for Biological Sciences is arguably one of architecture's most transformative experiences. The famous building has become an emblem of tranquility in architecture thanks to its tremendous location in San Diego, California, a quality enhanced by the carefully planned symmetrical vistas overlooking the Pacific Ocean.